Feudal Crisis and the Origins of the Modern
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Feudal Crisis and the Origins of the Modern World (13501650) I. CRISIS IN EUROPE 1. Epidemics (Plague) 2. Climate Change 3. Wars II. RESPONSE In Agriculture 1. Pressure on Peasants 2. Enclosures 3. Loans In Manufacture • Decline of Guilds III. POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS • The rise of the Modern State
Population of Europe (Million) • • • 1200 1350 1400 1450 1550 61 73 51 45 60 78
Population of Europe (Million) • • • 1200 1350 1400 1450 1550 61 73 51 45 60 78
Black Death by Pieter Bruegel
Death in Tournai, 1349
Plague Doctor with Mask
Flagellants Tournai (Flanders) Nuremberg Constance, Switzerland) Seventh Seal Ingmar Bergman
Black Death- Burning Jews (1349)
Population of Europe (Million) • • • 1200 1350 1400 1450 1550 61 73 51 45 60 78
Feudal Crisis and the Origins of the Modern World (13501650) I. CRISIS IN EUROPE 1. Epidemics (Plague) 2. Climate Change 3. Wars II. RESPONSE In Agriculture 1. Pressure on Peasants 2. Enclosures 3. Loans In Manufacture • Decline of Guilds III. POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS • The rise of the Modern State
Political Transformations The rise of the modern state • Stages in the emergence of the modern state • New Institutions • New economic policies • New Sources of Legitimacy • Europe and the world
Two stages 1. The king, feudal lords, the towns, the church seek common solution. 2. Centralized power in monarchies
New Institutions • 1. Roman Law • 2. Professional Army • • Hundred Years War (1338 -1453) Religious Wars (1562 -1598) Thirty Year War (1618 -1648) Colonial Wars • 3. Financing the State • Taxation • Sale of offices • Tax Farming
A European Army of the Sixteenth Century in Marching Order
Economic policy External Using trade as a means for strengthening the state (Mercantilism ) • exports over imports • no exp of bullion • seek colonies • national markets • navigation laws • control manufacturing and trade Internal Controlling the poor: (Poor Laws)
New Sources of Legitimacy Internal (Empire, nation) International (Westphalia System)
End of the Feudal Order • Shift from the Mediterranean to NW Europe • Stronger States • Decline of religious authority • New sources of food, precious metals, raw materials and labor in Americas and Africa
1350 -1450 Crisis in Europe Ottoman Empire Ming Dynasty
1450 -1650 Europe Asia Middle East Transformation Econ. Polit. End of feudal relations, Expansion State Ottoman Empire Portug. Dutch in SEA