Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Instructions Mrs Pallotta Biology

Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Instructions Mrs. Pallotta - Biology Created: May 2007 - Updated 2017 http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Pig. html Lab directions reprinted from Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1989 Lab # 47 : What mammalian characteristics can be observed in a fetal pig? Pictures are cited via hyperlinks to their appropriate web location at the time this Power. Point was created. Slide 1

Works Cited • Fetal Pig Dissection. University of Central Oklahoma Animal Biology Home. 28 May 2007 <http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/Animal. Biohome. html>. • External Views of Male and Female Fetal Pig. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Ultimate Fetal Pig Dissection Review. Hillfield Strathallan College. 28 May 2007 <http: //www. hillstrath. on. ca/moffatt/bio 3 a/fetalpig/fpugf 01. htm>. • Fetal Pig Dissection. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Ultimate Fetal Pig Dissection Review. Hillfield Strathallan College. 28 May 2007 http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/Fetal%20 Pig. htm>. • Beginning Outline Cuts. 1998. Fetal Pig Dissection on the WWW. Jay Kuecker and Lakeview High School. 28 May 2007 <http: //lakeview. esu 7. org/science/slide 1. html>. • Fetal Pig Anatomy. 2005. Davidson, NC. The Biology Department @ Davidson College, Davidson, NC. 28 May 2007 <http: //www. bio. davidson. edu/Courses/bio 112/Bio 112 Lab. Man/cppig. html>. • Digestive Organs in the Fetal Pig. Connie Alllen, Valerie Harper. Fetal Pig Dissection A Labortary Guide. Edison Community College. 28 May 2007 <http: //www 3. interscience. wiley. com: 8100/legacy/college/allen/047126458 X/diss_guides/pig_dissection_1 e. pdf>. Virtual Pig Dissection with Quizzes http: //www. whitman. edu/biology/vpd/main. html Slide 2

What mammalian characteristics can be observed in a fetal pig ? BACKGROUND: Mammals are _________ having ______ on their body and __________ to nourish their young. The majority of them are placental mammals. In placental mammals the developing young mammal, or fetus, grows inside the female’s uterus while attached to a placenta. The placenta is the source of food and oxygen for the fetus, and it also serves to get rid of fetal wastes. Slide 3

OBJECTIVES: • Identify important external structures of a fetal pig. • Identify major structures associated with a fetal pig’s digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and urogenital systems. • Compare the functions of certain organs in a fetal mammal with those of an adult mammal. Slide 4

PROCEDURES: PRELAB OBSERVATION • External Anatomy – Obtain a fetal pig. • If it is still in the bag, cut open the top of the bag and carefully empty the preservative. • Remove the pig from the bag. Rinse the pig thoroughly under cool water; be sure to remove all excess preservative. • Lay the fetal pig on its side in a dissecting pan. Locate the dorsal, ventral and the lateral surfaces. –What organ would you expect to find on the dorsal side? _____________________________ –What external feature(s) are located on the ventral side? _____________________________ –What external feature(s) are on the lateral sides? _____________________________ Slide 5

PROCEDURES: PRELAB OBSERVATION • External Anatomy (Continued) • Identify the anterior and posterior ends. –What organ(s)/features are located at the anterior end? ______________________________ –What organ(s)/features are located at the posterior end? ______________________________ –Locate the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, umbilical cord, tail, forelimbs, and hindlimbs. –Use the following picture and label all of the above organs/ features. Slide 6

PROCEDURES: PRELAB IDENTIFICATION • Identify and label the following: A C F B E ____head ____ neck ____ thorax ____ abdomen ____ umbilical cord ____ tail ____ forelimb ____ hindlimb D G H Slide 7

PROCEDURES: PRELAB IDENTIFICATION • Identify and label the following: _____ anterior side _____ posterior side _____ dorsal side _____ventral side B A C D Slide 8

PROCEDURES: PRELAB OBSERVATION • A fetal pig has not been born, but its approximate fetal age can be estimated by measuring its length. • Using string, measure your pig from the tip of its snout to the base of the tail (see photo below). • Calculate the age using the following chart. – Age of your fetal pig: __________ Length Age 10 mm 21 days 17 mm 35 days 28 mm 49 days 40 mm 56 days 220 mm 100 days 300 mm 115 days (full term) Slide 9

PROCEDURES: PRELAB IDENTIFICATION • With scissors, about 1 cm from the body, make a cut through the umbilical cord. • Locate three (3) blood vessels that emerge from the umbilical cord. – The large, thin walled umbilical vein carries blood containing food and oxygen from the placenta to the fetus. – The two smaller umbilical arteries carry wastes from the fetus to the placenta. http: //www. hillstrath. on. ca/moffatt/bio 3 a/fetalpig/fpugf 01. htm Slide 10

PROCEDURES: PRELAB IDENTIFICATION • Examine the features of the head. • Open the mouth and inspect the tongue and teeth. – What sense organs are found on the head and in the mouth? _______________________ http: //www. hometrainingtools. com/articles/pig-dissection-project. html Slide 11

PROCEDURES: PRELAB IDENTIFICATION • Examine the hooves of the forelimb and hindlimb. – How many toes are present on each foot? _____ – Are the hooves split or fused? _____ – Are the hooves of the forelimb and hindlimb the same? _____ • If they are different, how are the forelimb and hindlimb different? ___________________________ Slide 12

PROCEDURES: PRELAB IDENTIFICATION • The sex of you pig can be determined by the location of the urogenital opening the common passage for urine and reproductive cells. • Female http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/ Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/fetal%20 pig/external_s tructures_male. jpg – Below the tail and anus • Male – On the ventral body surface, posterior to the umbilical cord. • What is the sex of your fetal pig? ________ http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio %20102/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/fetal%20 pig/external_structure s_male. jpg Slide 13

PROCEDURES: PRELAB PREPORATION • Place the pig on its back in a dissection pan. • Tie one end of a piece of twine to the right forelimb. – Pass the twine under the dissecting tray and tie down the left forelimb. – Be sure the forelimbs are spread apart. – Repeat the same process to spread apart and tie down the hindlimb. http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/Fetal%20 P ig/Fetal%20 Pig. htm Slide 14

PROCEDURES: PRELAB PREPORATION • Use dissecting scissors to make the incisions shown. • Start cutting at the point shown and cut toward the anterior end as shown by the arrow. – Cut slowly and carefully through the skin and underlying muscles. – Be careful not to damage the internal organs lying beneath. Start cutting here. http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%201 02/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/Fetal%20 Pig. htm Slide 15

PROCEDURES: PRELAB PREPORATION • Next make incisions # 2, # 3 and # 4. – To free the flap from incision #2, cut the umbilical vein; pull the flap back between the hind legs. DO NOT CUT THIS FLAP OFF ! • Gently spread the flaps formed from incisions # 3 and # 4. – Pin the flaps if necessary; if the incision is deep enough the flaps will stay in position. • Rinse specimen under cool water to remove internal preservative. http: //lakeview. esu 7. org/science/slide 1. html 4 3 1 2 Slide 16

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: digestive • Locate the dark reddish-brown liver, the largest organ in the abdominal cavity. Notice it is divided into lobes. – How many lobes does the liver have? _______ – NOTE: the liver is not blue; this coloring is due to dye injected into the fetal pig. http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/Fetal %20 Pig/Fetal%20 Pig. htm Slide 17

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: digestive • Raise the right lobe (pig’s right side) and locate the gall bladder, a small greenish sac partly embedded in the liver. The gall bladder stores bile, which helps in the digestion of fats. • Try to locate the bile duct, a thin tube that carries the bile from the gall bladder to the small intestine. http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/fetal%20 pig/img 008. jpg Slide 18

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: digestive • Look under the left lobe of the liver and locate the stomach, a large sac-like organ. http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Interna ls/Digestive. html • Locate the beginning of the small intestine, located at the other end of the stomach. http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Interna ls/Digestive. html http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/f iles/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/Fetal%20 Pig/ Fetal%20 Pig. htm • Find the esophagus, which joins the stomach and the anterior end. (easier to find near the neck)Slide 19

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: digestive • Cut the stomach open lengthwise. • Locate the cardiac valve, which separates the stomach from the esophagus. – What is the purpose of the cardiac valve? _______________________ • Locate the pyloric valve where the stomach and small intestine join. – What is the purpose of the pyloric valve? ________________________ – Why is there no food in the stomach? What is the food source for a fetal pig? ______________________________________ Slide 20

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: digestive • Notice the round, reddish-brown spleen (43) along the right edge of the stomach (32). – The spleen is not a digestive organ; it stores blood and breaks down worn out red blood cells. – Locate the whitish pancreas (42) lying below the stomach. http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Internals/Digestive/Digestiv e. html • The pancreas is held in place by the mesentery. • The pancreas provides a digestive enzyme into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct. Slide 21

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: digestive • Notice the coiled small intestine. The small intestine: – completes digestion Umbilical Cord – Absorbs digested food into the bloodstream – (first 3 -4 cm located below stomach is know as SMALL INTESTINE duodenum) http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Internals/Digestive. html#closeup Slide 22

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: digestive • Follow small intestine to the large intestine, which is held in place by a mesentery, where there are many blood vessels. – What is the function for the many blood vessels in the mesentery? _____________________ cecum http: //www. bio. davidson. edu/Courses/bio 112/Bio 112 Lab. Man/cppig. htm • Locate the cecum (36), a small finger-like pouch where the small and large intestine (35) meet. (this is the known as the appendix in humans and pigs) http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Circ ulatory/Circulbelow. html Slide 23

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: digestive • Remove the liver, stomach, both intestines, spleen and pancreas. • Uncoil the small and large intestine; measure their lengths. – Small intestine = _______mm – Large intestine= _______mm – How do these two structures compare to each other in size? ___________________________ http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio %20102%20 Laboratory/Fetal%20 Pig. htm http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20102%20 L aboratory/Fetal%20 Pig. htm Slide 24

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: digestive • Cut a crosswise piece of the small intestine (at the duodenal end) and view it under a light microscope using low power. – Draw your findings in the space provided. – Find an image, online, and draw it provide your website here: ____________ • Describe the appearance of the inner lining of the small intestine. What do you think is the function of the structures that you observed? ______________________________ Slide 25 ______________________

REVIEW: Label the diagram below 1 2 6 3 7 4 8 5 http: //www 3. interscience. wiley. com: 8100/legacy/college/allen/047126458 X/diss_guides/pig_dissection_1 e. pdf Slide 26

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • The major organs of the respiratory and circulatory systems are found in the thoracic activity. • Pull back the flaps formed by incision #1. – Open the thoracic cavity by cutting through the rib cage toward the chin. – Notice the muscular sheet, the diaphragm(5), separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. • Pin back the tissue if necessary. http: //www. hillstrath. on. ca/moffatt/bio 3 a/fetalpig/fprsf 01. html Slide 27

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic – What are the major organs that occupy the thoracic cavity? • ______________________ http: //www. hillstrath. on. ca/moffatt/bio 3 a/fetalpig/fprsf 01. html Slide 28

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Notice the heart in the middle of the thoracic cavity. – Covered by transparent membrane (pericardium). – Thymus gland may partially cover the heart. • Cut away the pericardium and thymus gland to see the heart. Slide 29 http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/fetal%20 pig/img 015. jpg

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Identify the four chambers of the heart. – The right (46) and left atrium(48) (top) collect blood as it enters the heart. – The right (47) and left ventricles (49) (bottom) pump blood to the lungs and other body parts. • What differences did you note in the structures of the atria & ventricles? _______________________ Slide 30

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Locate the two large veins that enter the right atrium on the dorsal surface. http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Greg ory/files/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/Feta l%20 Pig/Fetal%20 Pig. htm –Anterior and posterior vena cava –What are the functions of these organ. ________________________ ____________ Slide 31

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Lift the heart and rotate slightly to locate veins entering the right atrium • Locate the pulmonary veins – Return blood from the lungs to the heart. • Into which chamber of the heart do the pulmonary vein enter? ____________________________ Slide 32

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Locate the pulmonary artery, which leaves the right ventricle to carry blood to the lungs. – Follow it to where it branches off to each of the lungs. • Locate the small vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta, called the ductus arteriosus (51). http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Circulatory/Circulabove. htm – Allows blood to bypass the lungs before birth. • What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in a fetal mammal? ________________________ Slide 33

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Locate the coronary arteries and coronary veins (45) – What is the function of the coronary arteries and the coronary veins? ____________________________________________ • Locate the aorta(53), under the pulmonary artery. – Carries blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Circulatory/Circulabove. htm l Slide 34 http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Circulatory/Circulabove. html

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Remove the heart by cutting the blood vessels that connect the heart to the rest of the body. • Cut the heart in half along the midline. (see picture below) • Observe the internal structures; locate the valves and the chambers. Slide 35

REVIEW: Label the heart diagram below 1 4 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 5 6 9 7 8 10 9 10 Slide 36

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Locate the spongy lungs, which surround the heart. • Locate the trachea (windpipe) in the neck region. http: //www 3. interscience. wil ey. com: 8100/legacy/college/ allen/047126458 X/diss_guid es/pig_dissection_1 e. pdf http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/ Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/Fetal%20 Pig/Fetal%20 Pig. htm –Notice how the trachea branches to each lung. –Notice how the anterior end is enlarged, this is the larynx (voice box). Slide 37

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Locate the reddish thyroid gland, lying posterior to the larynx. • This produces hormones to regulate metabolism. • How does the structure of the trachea keep it from collapsing? _____________________ Slide 38

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: thoracic • Cut the skin and muscle layers at the sides of the mouth so that it can be opened wider. http: //lakeview. esu 7. org/science/slide 8. html –At the back is the pharynx, a passageway leading to the trachea and esophagus. –Find the glottis, where air enters the larynx. –Find the epiglottis, a small flap that covers the glottis. –Place a probe into this area to see how air enters the trachea. –What is the function of the epiglottis? ___________________________ http: //www. bio. davidson. edu/Courses/bio 112/Bio 112 Lab. Man/cppig. html Slide 39

Abdominal & Thoracic - OVERVIEW http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/fetal%20 pig/img 007. jpg Slide 40

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: urogenital - excretion • The reproductive and excretory systems are not only found in the same area but share some of the same passageways. For this reason, it is studied together and known as the urogenital system. Locate the dare, bean-shaped kidneys(109) lying on the dorsal wall. If necessary clear away other materials for a better view http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Internals/Kidney/ Urinary. html – What is the function of this organ? ___________________ Slide 41

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: urogenital • Find : renal artery(58) http: //biology. ucok. e du/Animal. Biology/pi gweb/Internals/Kidn ey/Urinary. html Cross-section of a kidney - excretion – This comes from the aorta and brings blood to kidney. renal vein (59). – Found below renal artery and carries blood back to the posterior vena cava and eventually back to the heart. • How is the blood different in the renal vein and the renal artery in an adult pig? ______________________________________ Slide 42

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: urogenital • Locate the ureter, a whitish tube leading form the concave side of each kidney. – Carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. • Locate the urinary bladder, which is located in the flap containing the umbilical cord. – What is the function of this organ? _______________________ http: //faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael. Gregory/files/Bio%20102%20 Laborat ory/Fetal%20 Pig. htm Slide 43

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: urogenital - excretion • Locate the urethra (8) by spreading the legs as far as possible. Probe with your fingers to locate the cartilage that makes up the part of the pelvic girdle. – Cut through the cartilage to expose the urethra. http: //www. hillstrath. on. ca/moffatt/bio 3 a/fetalpig/fpugf 03. htm Slide 44

REVIEW: Label the diagram below Label the following parts of the urogenital system: 3 2 Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Renal arteries & veins 4 1 1 2 3 4 Slide 45

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: urogenital - reproduction • If you have a female fetal pig…. • Locate the yellowish white ovaries (101) lying behind the kidneys. • Find the fallopian tubes also know as the oviducts(102), connected to the ovary. – In adult females, eggs break through the ovary wall and enter the oviducts. • Trace the oviduct to the common uterus (104). Slide 46 http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Internals/Femalereprod. html

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: urogenital - reproduction • Locate the cervix (105), which can be found at the base of the common uterus. • Posterior to the cervix is the vagina (106) – This leads to the urogenital opening (107) • Exchange your female fetal pig with a male fetal pig to observe the male reproductive organs. Slide 47 http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Internals/Femalereprod. html

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: urogenital - reproduction • If you have a male fetal pig…. • Locate the scrotal sac(90) at the posterior end. – During later stages of development, testes (91) descend into these sacs. • Cut open one of the sacs, see if a testis is present. – In not present, it will be in the abdominal cavity in a tube known as the inguinal canal (95). http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Internals/Malereprod. html Slide 48

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: urogenital - reproduction • Locate the epididymis (92), a coiled tubule attached to the testis. – Sperm cells produced in the testes pass into this tubule. • Trace the epididymis through the inguinal canal where it becomes the vas deferens (94) which loops over the ureters and enters the urethra. http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Interna ls/Malereprod. html http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Intern als/Malereprod. html Slide 49

PROCEDURES: INVESTIGATION: urogenital - reproduction • From here the urethra becomes the urogenital duct (8), a passageway for both sperm and urine. • Follow the urethra through the penis(96), a muscular tube below the urinary bladder. – The reproductive product leaves the penis through the urogenital opening. • Exchange your male pig with a female pig to observe the female reproductive organs. http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Interna ls/Malereprod. html http: //biology. ucok. edu/Animal. Biology/pigweb/Intern als/Malereprod. html Slide 50

REVIEW: Label the female reproductive organs below http: //www. bio. davidson. edu/Courses/bio 112/Bio 112 Lab. Man/cppig. html • Ovary ___ 1 • Oviduct ___ • Common uterus___ • Vagina ___ 2 • Urogential 3 opening ___ 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 4 5 6 7 8 12 9 10 11 Slide 51

REVIEW: Label the male reproductive organs below • Scrotal sac ___ • Testes ___ • Inguinal canal ___ • Epididymis ___ • Vas deferens ___ • Penis ___ • Urogenital opening ___ http: //www. bio. davidson. edu/Courses/bio 112/Bio 112 Lab. Man/cppig. html 23 1 22 2 3 21 4 5 6 7 20 19 18 17 8 16 15 9 14 10 11 12 13 Slide 52

Dissection Extras • Video explanation of fetal pig organs. – http: //www. zerobio. com/videos/fetal_pig 2. html – Additional videos • Biology. By. Me YOUTUBE LINKS: • FETAL PIG DISSECTION PART 1 (6 minute startup/External exam) • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ZWYpn. Lt. XQrg • FETAL PIG DISSECTION PART 2 (@29 minute lower cavity dissection) • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=e. CNxn. Bbfk. Vs • FETAL PIG DISSECTION PART 3 (@16 minute upper cavity dissection) • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hdijzf 6 frg. Q Slide 53