Fertilization Fertilization activates the egg Activation of the
![Fertilization • Fertilization activates the egg • Activation of the egg triggers embryonic development Fertilization • Fertilization activates the egg • Activation of the egg triggers embryonic development](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-1.jpg)
![Acrosomal Reaction • The acrosomal reaction occurs in echinoderms Ex. sea urchins • Receptors Acrosomal Reaction • The acrosomal reaction occurs in echinoderms Ex. sea urchins • Receptors](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-2.jpg)
![The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-3.jpg)
![Timeline for the fertilization of sea urchin eggs Timeline for the fertilization of sea urchin eggs](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-4.jpg)
![Activation of The Egg • Increase in calcium also triggers an increase in metabolic Activation of The Egg • Increase in calcium also triggers an increase in metabolic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-5.jpg)
![A wave of Ca 2+ release during the cortical reaction A wave of Ca 2+ release during the cortical reaction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-6.jpg)
![Mammalian Fertilization • Most mammals show internal fertilization • Sperm has to reach zona Mammalian Fertilization • Most mammals show internal fertilization • Sperm has to reach zona](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-7.jpg)
![Fertilization in Mammals Fertilization in Mammals](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-8.jpg)
![Early Embryonic Development 6 days 2 weeks Early Embryonic Development 6 days 2 weeks](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-9.jpg)
![Figure 47. 6 Cleavage in an echinoderm (sea urchin) embryo Figure 47. 6 Cleavage in an echinoderm (sea urchin) embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-10.jpg)
![Cross Section of a Frog Blastula Cross Section of a Frog Blastula](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-11.jpg)
![Cleavage • Fast mitotic divisions without G 1 and G 2 phases • Results Cleavage • Fast mitotic divisions without G 1 and G 2 phases • Results](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-12.jpg)
![Gastrulation in a Frog Embryo Gastrulation in a Frog Embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-13.jpg)
![Body Symmetry Exhibit cephalization Body Symmetry Exhibit cephalization](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-14.jpg)
![Bilateral Symmetry – body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide Bilateral Symmetry – body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-15.jpg)
![• Organisms without body cavities are considered acoelomates Body covering (from ectoderm) (c) • Organisms without body cavities are considered acoelomates Body covering (from ectoderm) (c)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-16.jpg)
![• A pseudocoelom – Is a body cavity derived from the blastocoel, rather • A pseudocoelom – Is a body cavity derived from the blastocoel, rather](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-17.jpg)
![• A true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived from • A true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-18.jpg)
![Figure 32. 7 A comparison of early development in protostomes and deuterostomes Figure 32. 7 A comparison of early development in protostomes and deuterostomes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-19.jpg)
![Cleavage in a Frog Embryo Cleavage in a Frog Embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-20.jpg)
![Sea urchin development, from single cell to larva Sea urchin development, from single cell to larva](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-21.jpg)
![The Establishment of the Body Axes and the First Cleavage Plane in an Amphibian The Establishment of the Body Axes and the First Cleavage Plane in an Amphibian](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-22.jpg)
![• Many different structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during • Many different structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-23.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-24.jpg)
![Organogenesis • Folding, splitting and clustering of cells begins organogenesis • Ectoderm rolls into Organogenesis • Folding, splitting and clustering of cells begins organogenesis • Ectoderm rolls into](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-25.jpg)
![• Chorion - gas exchange and waste storage, lines the egg shell • • Chorion - gas exchange and waste storage, lines the egg shell •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-26.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-27.jpg)
![http: //eng-sci. udmercy. edu/courses/bio 123/Chapter 49/Chick. html http: //eng-sci. udmercy. edu/courses/bio 123/Chapter 49/Chick. html](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-28.jpg)
![Human Embryo Brain Heart Human Embryo Brain Heart](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-29.jpg)
![Organogenesis in a Frog Embryo Organogenesis in a Frog Embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-30.jpg)
![Cleavage, gastrulation, and early organogenesis in a chick embryo Cleavage, gastrulation, and early organogenesis in a chick embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-31.jpg)
![Organogenesis in a Chick Embryo About Eye 56 Hours Old Forebrain Blood Vessels Heart Organogenesis in a Chick Embryo About Eye 56 Hours Old Forebrain Blood Vessels Heart](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-32.jpg)
![The Development of Extraembryonic Membranes in a Chick The Development of Extraembryonic Membranes in a Chick](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-33.jpg)
![Early development of a human embryo and its extraembryonic membranes Early development of a human embryo and its extraembryonic membranes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-34.jpg)
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- Slides: 38
![Fertilization Fertilization activates the egg Activation of the egg triggers embryonic development Fertilization • Fertilization activates the egg • Activation of the egg triggers embryonic development](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-1.jpg)
Fertilization • Fertilization activates the egg • Activation of the egg triggers embryonic development
![Acrosomal Reaction The acrosomal reaction occurs in echinoderms Ex sea urchins Receptors Acrosomal Reaction • The acrosomal reaction occurs in echinoderms Ex. sea urchins • Receptors](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-2.jpg)
Acrosomal Reaction • The acrosomal reaction occurs in echinoderms Ex. sea urchins • Receptors on the vitelline egg layer are specific • The reaction is the fast block to polyspermy • A depolarization of the membrane stops other sperm from penetrating
![The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-3.jpg)
The acrosomal and cortical reactions during sea urchin fertilization
![Timeline for the fertilization of sea urchin eggs Timeline for the fertilization of sea urchin eggs](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-4.jpg)
Timeline for the fertilization of sea urchin eggs
![Activation of The Egg Increase in calcium also triggers an increase in metabolic Activation of The Egg • Increase in calcium also triggers an increase in metabolic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-5.jpg)
Activation of The Egg • Increase in calcium also triggers an increase in metabolic reaction in the egg • Artificial activation of egg can occur by injecting calcium ions
![A wave of Ca 2 release during the cortical reaction A wave of Ca 2+ release during the cortical reaction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-6.jpg)
A wave of Ca 2+ release during the cortical reaction
![Mammalian Fertilization Most mammals show internal fertilization Sperm has to reach zona Mammalian Fertilization • Most mammals show internal fertilization • Sperm has to reach zona](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-7.jpg)
Mammalian Fertilization • Most mammals show internal fertilization • Sperm has to reach zona pellucida by penetrating follicle cells • An acrosomal reaction occurs and sperm cell enters egg • Zona pellucida hardens which blocks polyspermy • Centrosomes originate from sperm cell • Chromosomes share a common spindle during first mitotic division
![Fertilization in Mammals Fertilization in Mammals](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-8.jpg)
Fertilization in Mammals
![Early Embryonic Development 6 days 2 weeks Early Embryonic Development 6 days 2 weeks](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-9.jpg)
Early Embryonic Development 6 days 2 weeks
![Figure 47 6 Cleavage in an echinoderm sea urchin embryo Figure 47. 6 Cleavage in an echinoderm (sea urchin) embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-10.jpg)
Figure 47. 6 Cleavage in an echinoderm (sea urchin) embryo
![Cross Section of a Frog Blastula Cross Section of a Frog Blastula](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-11.jpg)
Cross Section of a Frog Blastula
![Cleavage Fast mitotic divisions without G 1 and G 2 phases Results Cleavage • Fast mitotic divisions without G 1 and G 2 phases • Results](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-12.jpg)
Cleavage • Fast mitotic divisions without G 1 and G 2 phases • Results in smaller blastomeres • Polar planes of division occur with animal and vegetal poles • Holoblastic cleavage is complete division of eggs with little yolk ex: frogs • Meroblastic = incomplete division with moderate amt of yolk ex: birds
![Gastrulation in a Frog Embryo Gastrulation in a Frog Embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-13.jpg)
Gastrulation in a Frog Embryo
![Body Symmetry Exhibit cephalization Body Symmetry Exhibit cephalization](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-14.jpg)
Body Symmetry Exhibit cephalization
![Bilateral Symmetry body plan in which only a single imaginary line can divide Bilateral Symmetry – body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-15.jpg)
Bilateral Symmetry – body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves; Ex: vertebrates Radial Symmetry – body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; Ex: sea stars Spiral Symmetry – planes of division are diagonal (Ex: mollusks, segmented worms, arthropods)
![Organisms without body cavities are considered acoelomates Body covering from ectoderm c • Organisms without body cavities are considered acoelomates Body covering (from ectoderm) (c)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-16.jpg)
• Organisms without body cavities are considered acoelomates Body covering (from ectoderm) (c) Tissuefilled region (from mesoderm) Acoelomates such as flatworms lack a body cavity between the digestive tract and outer body wall. Digestive tract (from endoderm) Figure 32. 8 c
![A pseudocoelom Is a body cavity derived from the blastocoel rather • A pseudocoelom – Is a body cavity derived from the blastocoel, rather](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-17.jpg)
• A pseudocoelom – Is a body cavity derived from the blastocoel, rather than from mesoderm Body covering (from ectoderm) (b) Pseudocoelomates such as nematodes have a body cavity only partially lined by tissue derived from mesoderm. Figure 32. 8 b Pseudocoelom Digestive tract (from ectoderm) Muscle layer (from mesoderm)
![A true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived from • A true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-18.jpg)
• A true body cavity is called a coelom and is derived from mesoderm; these animals are called coelomates Coelom (a) Coelomates such as annelids have a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm. Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm) Figure 32. 8 a Body covering (from ectoderm)
![Figure 32 7 A comparison of early development in protostomes and deuterostomes Figure 32. 7 A comparison of early development in protostomes and deuterostomes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-19.jpg)
Figure 32. 7 A comparison of early development in protostomes and deuterostomes
![Cleavage in a Frog Embryo Cleavage in a Frog Embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-20.jpg)
Cleavage in a Frog Embryo
![Sea urchin development from single cell to larva Sea urchin development, from single cell to larva](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-21.jpg)
Sea urchin development, from single cell to larva
![The Establishment of the Body Axes and the First Cleavage Plane in an Amphibian The Establishment of the Body Axes and the First Cleavage Plane in an Amphibian](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-22.jpg)
The Establishment of the Body Axes and the First Cleavage Plane in an Amphibian Becomes Posterior End Becomes Dorsal Side Becomes Anterior End
![Many different structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during • Many different structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-23.jpg)
• Many different structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during organogenesis ECTODERM MESODERM ENDODERM p. 999 • Epidermis of skin and its derivatives (including sweat glands, hair follicles) • Epithelial lining of mouth and rectum • Sense receptors in epidermis • Cornea and lens of eye • Nervous system • Adrenal medulla • Tooth enamel • Epithelium or pineal and pituitary glands • Notochord • Skeletal system • Muscular layer of stomach, intestine, etc. • Excretory system • Circulatory and lymphatic systems • Reproductive system (except germ cells) • Dermis of skin • Lining of body cavity • Adrenal cortex • Epithelial lining of digestive tract • Epithelial lining of respiratory system • Lining of urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system • Liver • Pancreas • Thymus • Thyroid and parathyroid glands
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-24.jpg)
![Organogenesis Folding splitting and clustering of cells begins organogenesis Ectoderm rolls into Organogenesis • Folding, splitting and clustering of cells begins organogenesis • Ectoderm rolls into](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-25.jpg)
Organogenesis • Folding, splitting and clustering of cells begins organogenesis • Ectoderm rolls into neural tube • Mesodermal blocks form somites along axis of notochord: – Gives rise to vertebrae and muscles of backbone • Neural plate folds into the neural tube and becomes central nervous system
![Chorion gas exchange and waste storage lines the egg shell • Chorion - gas exchange and waste storage, lines the egg shell •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-26.jpg)
• Chorion - gas exchange and waste storage, lines the egg shell • Allantois – gas exchange and waste storage connects embryo to chorion • Yolk sac – food storage vitelline vessels embed into the yolk • Amnion – protective fluid filled sac
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-27.jpg)
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![Human Embryo Brain Heart Human Embryo Brain Heart](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-29.jpg)
Human Embryo Brain Heart
![Organogenesis in a Frog Embryo Organogenesis in a Frog Embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-30.jpg)
Organogenesis in a Frog Embryo
![Cleavage gastrulation and early organogenesis in a chick embryo Cleavage, gastrulation, and early organogenesis in a chick embryo](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-31.jpg)
Cleavage, gastrulation, and early organogenesis in a chick embryo
![Organogenesis in a Chick Embryo About Eye 56 Hours Old Forebrain Blood Vessels Heart Organogenesis in a Chick Embryo About Eye 56 Hours Old Forebrain Blood Vessels Heart](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-32.jpg)
Organogenesis in a Chick Embryo About Eye 56 Hours Old Forebrain Blood Vessels Heart Somites Neural Tube
![The Development of Extraembryonic Membranes in a Chick The Development of Extraembryonic Membranes in a Chick](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-33.jpg)
The Development of Extraembryonic Membranes in a Chick
![Early development of a human embryo and its extraembryonic membranes Early development of a human embryo and its extraembryonic membranes](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/b61a722ff2ce893424d05add45efc60d/image-34.jpg)
Early development of a human embryo and its extraembryonic membranes
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