Fertile Crescent Rich fertile soil Tigris and Euphrates

Fertile Crescent • Rich fertile soil (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) • Mesopotamia

Paleolithic Era Neolithic Revolution • Paleolithic – hunters followed their food- nomads • Neolithic – settle down, farming and domesticating animals = first civilization

Bantu Migrations • Movement of people from West Africa as a result of the Sahara Desert • Spread Language ie: cultural diffusion

Mandate of Heaven • Order from god which selects leadership in China = Dynastic Cycle • Dynasties: Zhou-feudalism Qin-central gov’t and Great Wall Han-Golden Age: Confucianism, paper, arts and wheelbarrow

Chinese Inventions • • • Paper Wheelbarrow Ship rudder Acupuncture gunpowder

Feudalism • Military service exchanged for land protection (Japan, China, Europe) • “decentralized gov’t”- no single all powerful ruler

Bushido and Chivalry • Code of conduct for a samurai • Code of conduct for a Knight

Manoralism • Middle Ages in Europe • Serfs worked on selfsufficient manors

Forms of Government • Autocracy: Single ruler with absolute power • Theocracy: Gov’t run by religious leaders/rules • Monarchy: King/Queens • Democracy: People vote for leaders • Totalitarian: one party/person controls every aspect of life (Communism, fascism) **Feudalism is also a form of government**

Hellenistic Age • Age of Alex the Great- he blended PIGE (Persian, Indian, Greek and Egyptian) cultures through his conquest. = cultural diffusion

Pax Romana (Golden Age) • 200 years of peace in Rome • Advancement in many areas • Pax= Peace= trade

Pax Mongolia • Peace in Asia created by Mongol Rule approx. 1280 -1350 • Prompted exchange of goods between East and West (China, Russia, Middle East) (C. D. )

Silk Road • Trade route that linked China with the west = cultural diffusion and spread of diseases • Merchants travelled short distances and sold to next merchant= increase prices

Maurya and Gupta Dynasties • • Indian Empires- Hinduism and Islam Created Arabic numerals, decimals and Zero 200 Years reign Fell due to weak leadership and invasions

Golden Age of Islam • Many advancements by Muslim civilization – Art and architecture decorated cities – Recorded Qur’an – Developed algebra (solve for “x”) – Doctors had to pass exams after studying disease and medical books

Schism • A split within religion • Examples: -Protestant Reformation (95 theses) -Sunni and Shiite Islam (Iraq, Syria) -Eastern Orthodox (C. D. - Byzantine to Russia)

Crusades 1000 s-1200 s • A series of religious wars attempting to obtain the holy land (Islam versus Catholicism) • Resulted in an increase of trade (C. D. ) and Feudal powers

Belief Systems • Established, orderly ways to look at faith, life and death – Animism/ Shinto – Hinduism – Judaism – Christianity – Islam – Buddhism – Confucianism – Taoism

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Constantinople • The Rome of the eastern world • Heart of the Byzantine Empire • Trade city on Mediterranean Sea

Traditional Economy • Trade and bartering for goods • Distribution of goods based on customs, beliefs and habits *subsistence agriculture- growing just enough for your family*

Protestant Reformation • A schism in the Catholic Church that created the Protestant religion. • Martin Luther 95 Theses • Catholic Church loses power

95 Theses • List of grievances (complaints) written by Martin Luther against the sale of indulgences created the Protestant Reformation. • The Printing Press allowed copies of the 95 Theses to spread quickly

Age of Absolutism • Autocratic rules have complete authority, even in colonies- Divine Right – India- Akbar the Great – France- King Louis XIV (sun king) – Spain- Philip II – Russia- Ivan the Terrible AND Peter the Great (Westernized Russia)

Glorious Revolution • Non-violent overthrow of James II by William and Mary of Orange. • They signed the English Bill of Rights which further limited kings’ powers and created a limited monarchy.

Magna Carta The English Bill of Rights • A charter signed by England’s King John in 1215 Placed limits on the King’s power • gave rights to the people and took power away from the monarchy 1689

Scientific Revolution • 1500’s and 1600’s new way of thinking that challenged traditional ideas of the Catholic Church. • Based on Reason and Inquiry

Renaissance • Time period when people began to question the Church, a time of Rebirth of science, arts and literature (start in Italy) • Focus on secular (worldly/ non-religious) • Humanism= emphasis on the individual

Enlightenment • People started to question the relationship between themselves and their government. • Period in the 1700 s in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a human reason.

Social Contract • There is a unwritten contract between Gov’t and the people. • If the gov’t isn't taking care of people’s needs they can get rid of it

Geography Terms • Savannah or Steppe: Grassy plain • Peninsula: land surrounded by water on 3 sides • Archipelago: chain of islands • Climate: weather patterns over time (tropical, dry) • Region: areas of land with unifying features (Mideast-political, rainforests)

Socialism • Economic system where all goods are shared so everyone’s needs are met • Common ownership

Capitalism • Economic system based on trade and capital, money is used for investment. • Free Market • Supply and Demand

Laissez Faire • Government should keep hands off economic concerns • Supply and Demand should regulate the economy • Root of Capitalism Money and debt video ^

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Age of Exploration • European demand for goods led to exploration to find shorter, safer and cheaper trade routes.

Columbian Exchange • Global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology that began in the 1400’s • Cultural Diffusion

Middle Passage • The voyage from Africa to the Americas (slave trade)

Encomienda • Racial class structure that made American natives slaves

Mercantilism • Economic policy; export more than import • Raw materials sold cheaply to mother nation; expensive manufactured goods sold to colonies

Law Codes Napoleonic Code. Equality after French Rev Justinian’s Code. Byzantine law code Laws of the Roman Twelve Tables. Basis of today's legal system Hammurabi's Code. Eye for an eye

Imperialism • When a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation’s social, economic and political life • Justified by Social Darwinism • Established colonies

Nationalism • A feeling of pride for one’s nation or group • Has led to conflict ex: WWI (MAIN) Decolonization

Congress of Vienna • Led by Metternich after Napoleon's defeat • Conservative: returned monarchs to power • Re-drew the map of Europe to balance power • Surrounded France with strong countries • Created a lasting peace until WWI

Coup d’etat • A quick and sudden overthrow of a government Examples: -Iranian Revolution (Ayatollah Khomeini) -Cuban Revolution (Castro) -Egyptian Revolution (Mubarak)

Pan-Slavism Pan-Arabism Pan-Africanism • Nationalist movement to unite all similar people in each respective group.

Treaty of Kanagawa • The treaty that forced Japan to open its ports to trade ending isolation (Meiji Restoration) • Commodore Perry and his battleships “politely asked” Japan to trade

Meiji Restoration • Time when Japan Westernized • Modernized- led to imperialism • Ended isolation

Opium War • The British forced Indians to grow Opium, then sold it to China • China fought to have opium shipments stopped • Ended by Treaty of Nanjing

Forms of Imperial Control • Sphere of Influence: claim exclusive trading rights • Colony: expensive to run- control all aspects of life • Protectorate: minimal influence- control local leaders

Treaty of Nanjing • The treaty that Britain forced China to sign after the Opium War • Hong Kong taken as a 200 Year lease • Opened China to Foreigners

Boer War • South African War over gold and diamonds • British vs. Dutch “Boers” • Britain won and created the racial segregation policy known as apartheid.

Total War • The complete and total involvement of a nation in a war effort. • Civilians at home and soldiers on battlefield all contribute • WWI & WWII

Propaganda • The spreading of an idea to promote a cause

Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution • 1917 - food shortages and WWI deaths pushed Russians to revolt • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (exit WWI) • Lenin turned Russia into a communist state USSR • Land, Bread, Peace

5 Year Plan • Stalin’s plans to improve the USSR’s economy and increase food production. • Only area of success was in building heavy industry. • Farming collectives

World War I “The Great War” Causes: M- Militarism A-alliances I-imperialism N-nationalism (Balkan Powder Keg) Spark- assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Treaty of Versailles • The peace treaty signed after WWI • Placed blame on Germany- reparations, blame and lost land • Established new countries • Wilson’s 14 points largely ignored

League of Nations • A peace keeping organization formed after WWI • Too weak to enforce ban on war • United States did not join

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Zionism • Desire to create a Jewish state in Palestine • Led to the Balfour Declaration after WWI • 1948 Israel is created

Mandate • Territory being controlled by a foreign power • Typically gifted to the “winners” of a war

Fascism • An authoritarian government that is not communist. • Mussolini, Hitler, Franco

Appeasement • Giving in to one’s demands to avoid a conflict • Example: Hitler and the Sudetenland (Munich Pact)

United Nations • A peace organization formed after WWII • Much stronger than League of Nations post WWI

Iron Curtain • Imaginary wall dividing Communist ideology from Democratic ideology. West • Democracy • U. S. • NATO • Supported Israel East Communism U. S. S. R. Warsaw Pact Supported Palestinians

Cold War • A state of tension between the Superpowers (U. S. and U. S. S. R. ) • Fear of spread of communism and nuclear weapons • Events: Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Korean War, Afghanistan aid

Containment • Stop the Spread of Communism beyond the Iron Curtain • Used money to avoid communist takeovers (make communism less appealing)

Marshall Plan • Give aid to foreign nations to avoid communism’s spread • Communism looks less appealing if you have food, shelter and work

Truman Doctrine • An economic and military program to promote democracy established by President Truman

Détente • A state of relaxed tensions between the US and the USSR (end of Cold War)

Perestroika Glasnost Gorbachev’s reforms to prevents the collapse of the Soviet Economy A policy of openness under Gorbachev in USSR • Both failed and the USSR collapsed • Replaced with Russian Republic

OPEC • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries • Regulates oil prices and production • Oil Embargo of 1970 s affected world

Long March • When Mao and the communists fled to northern China avoiding the Guomindang (nationalists) led by Chaing Kai Shek. • Mao recruited supporters to the communist movement along the way (peasants)

Great Leap Forward • Mao’s plan for China (like Stalin’s 5 year plans) • Attempted to create self sufficiency by using farming collectives • Failed= starvation/ famine

Cultural Revolution • Mao’s program to eliminate any opposition to his plans. • Forced people to live “Mao’s Way” • Red Guard- Corrupted Youths monitored people for signs of anti-communism

Tiananmen Square 1989 • A Pro-Democracy protest where students gathered to demand freedom in the government. • The Gov’t sent in tanks to disperse the crowd • Chinese gov’t still totalitarian

PLO • Palestinian Liberation Organization • Yassir Arafat original leader • Goal is the destruction of Israel

Islamic Fundamentalism • Belief Islam is corrupted by outside ways- need to return to the basics of Islam • Uses Sharia law (traditional Islamic Law)

Ethnic Cleansing • The deliberate and intentional attempt to get rid of a race or ethnic group • Genocide • Bosnia, Chechnya, Serbia

NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement • Increases trade between North American nations (Canada, U. S. and Mexico) • Reduces Tariffs along borders to promote trade

Pre Post Before After Pre- World War I Europe • A term used to describe conditions in Europe prior to World War I Post-Colonialism • A term used to describe conditions in nations that were once colonies

Trade Deficit • When a nation imports more than it exports • Buys more than it sells

IMF • International Monetary Fund • Loans money to countries for development

IRA • Irish Republican Army • Fighting for Irish Independence from Britain

Human Rights Declaration • A document meant to protect basic rights for all • Created by the United Nations after the Holocaust (post WWII).

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Urbanization • The movement of people from the country to the city • Industrial Revolution

Green Revolution • Using technology and science to produce more food (India) • Seeds were chemically altered to be more resistant to disease and produce more

Deforestation/ Desertification • The destruction of the forest (Amazon) • The changing of farm land to desert (Africa)

Dissident • Some one or a group that speaks out against their government. • Example: Egyptian Revolution Cyber dissidents ; Ai Wei

Autonomy • Desire by a peoples to have their own country. • Self rule

Arab Spring • Revolutionary movement in Middle East of get rid of their dictator leaders • Fueled by social media • Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria

Animism • Belief that spirits live in the natural world • Similar to Shintoism and Taoism

Hinduism • • • Religion India Polytheistic Reincarnation Karma Dharma Caste system (social structure) Moksha Upanishads, Gita, Vedas

Buddhism • • • Religion No gods Reincarnation Karma Dharma No caste system 4 Noble Truths and 8 Fold Path Nirvana 3 Baskets of Wisdom

Islam • • Religion Allah Muhammad 622 AD 5 Pillars (Hajj, Ramadan) mosque Quran (Koran)

Taoism and Shintoism Means “The Way” • Balance and harmony • NATURE Japan

Confucianism • • • Philosophy China 5 Relationships (set examples and follow them) Filial Piety Order, structure The Analects (sacred book)

Christianity • • 10 Commandments Jesus Church Bible

Polytheism • Belief in more than one god

Monotheism Belief in only one God Christianity, Islam and Judaism

Diaspora Mass dispersal by force Jewish Diaspora out of their Holy Land