Ferns and Fern Allies Ferns and Fern Allies

Ferns and Fern Allies

Ferns and Fern Allies

Ferns

Shoot Primary Growth: Apical Cell

Fern: Shoots (Stem, Leaves) and Roots

Leaves: Circinate Vernation

Fern Leaf: Frond

Fern Leaf: Pinna and Pinnule

Stem: Stele (Protostele) Gleichenia

Stem: Stele (Siphonostele) Ectophloic Siphonostele Amphiphloic Siphonostele

Stem: Solenostele Adiantum

Stem: Stele and Leaf Gaps (Non-Overlapping) Solenostele Fig. 13 -21 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Stem: Dictylostele Polypodium

Stem: Stele (Siphonostele) and Leaf Gaps Overlapping Dictylostele Fig. 13 -21 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Double Dictylostele Pteridium

Ecotophloic Siphonostele Osmunda

Tree Ferns

Tree Ferns Dicksonia Trunk Section

Fern Sporangium

Fern Sporangium: Annulus Fig. 13 -14 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Fern Sporangium: Sporangium Dehiscence Fig. 13 -6 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Sori Fig. 13 -7 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Sori: Marginal Position Hymenophyllum

Fern Sori: Marginal Position Fig. 13 -7 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Sori Position II: Intramarginal Adiantum

Fern Sori Position II: Intramarginal Fig. 13 -18 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Sori Position III: Abaxial or “Superficial” Phanerophlebia

Fern Sori Position III: Abaxial or “Superficial” Fig. 13 -18 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Fern Leaves and Sporangia Fig. 13 -5

Psilophyton (Early to Late Devonian)

Pertica (Devonian)

Pseudosporochnus (Middle Devonian)

Cladoxylon (Middle Devonian)

Rhacophyton (Late Devonian)

Origin of Leaves II: Telome Theory

Putative Leaf Origins Microphylls Megaphylls VS. Telome Theory Enation Theory

1 http: //www. uwgb. edu/biodiversity/herbarium/pteridophytes/lyccla_leaves 01. jpg 2 http: //www. biologie. uni-hamburg. de/b-online/library/webb/BOT 311/ Cell. Tiss. Organ/Lyco. Leaf. X-s. Lab 400. jpg 3 http: //sols. unlv. edu/Schulte/Anatomy/Stems/Lycopodium. Stem. SM. jpg 4 http: //www. sunstar-solutions. com/sunstar/cornet 92/nodalanat 2. jpg