Feeding Cow Longevity Opportunites Challenges Randy Shaver Dairy

Feeding & Cow Longevity: Opportunites & Challenges Randy Shaver Dairy Science Department, UW Madison

The paradox of high yield/DMI!

Wisconsin Holstein sets 72, 170 milk production record 2010; Tom & Gin Kestell & Sons, Waldo, WI Ever-Green-View My 1326 -ET (EX-92 EX-MS) 4 -05 365 d 3 x 72, 168 3. 9 2787 3. 2 2286

WI Ag. Source DHIA Owner JC KOW FARMS PARTNERSHIP TOM & GIN KESTELL & SONS JAMES TALFORD BETHANY VALLEY HOLSTEINS DEHNEL FARMS INC SIEMERS HOLSTEIN FARM INC RIPPS DAIRY VALLEY SUN BURST DAIRY LLC HENSEN BROS J & S FARMS DENNIS & CYNTHIA BEGERT MYRENS HOLSTEINS AFDAHL REG HOLSTEINS HY-PINE FARM MITCH REIBLE-HOLSTEINS KOEPKE FARM INC TONY SIMON BOMAZ INC SO-FINE BOVINES LLC SUGAR CREEK DAIRY MINGLEWOOD, INC MEADOW BROOK FARMS HORSENS HOMESTEAD FARMS COTTONWOOD DAIRY DARIN & RON MILLER MAPLE RIDGE DAIRY LLC FOUR HANDS HOLSTEINS KOWSKI FARM HOLSTEIN VANROEKEL DAIRY LLC WILNORE HOLSTEINS Cows 158. 5 91. 9 42. 1 117. 9 83 2722. 4 941 557. 5 384. 4 110 84. 1 404. 8 49. 3 52. 7 231. 9 329. 7 238. 9 591 669. 5 607 743. 9 460. 3 311. 7 1390. 6 57. 6 1001. 2 490. 7 299. 6 71. 1 100. 7 RHAMilk 35659 35068 34022 33940 33928 33128 32996 32414 32192 32118 32075 32008 31942 31718 31602 31476 31445 31141 31083 30987 30981 30894 30773 30684 30638 30624 30597 30588 30533 30527 RHAFat 1237 1363 1252 1305 1228 1245 1209 1163 1175 1062 1139 1132 1214 1068 1148 1216 1091 1115 1146 1209 1208 1131 1206 1087 1280 1135 1096 1133 1394 1131 RHAPro 1062 1082 1031 1057 1027 994 954 970 941 953 943 999 989 916 924 925 949 940 947 949 937 951 901 922 927 921 902 956 945 931 CY 3426 3655 3407 3529 3364 3345 3230 3182 3159 2998 3105 3175 3290 2955 3093 3153 3039 3065 3124 3227 3196 3106 3071 2995 3162 3070 2981 3117 3224 3078

Herd or High Group DMI & Feed Efficiency Sept-2010 5 -Herd Summary Fall-07 3 -Herd Summary Feb-04 6 -Herd Summary DMI, lb per day 57 - 68 55 - 59 57 - 68 Milk/DMI FCM/DMI 1. 6 – 1. 8 1. 6 – 1. 9 1. 8 - 1. 9 -- 1. 7 – 1. 8 1. 6 – 1. 8

Grant, 2007 Reno

Ruminal Acid Production Salivary Buffer Flow

The paradox of high grain prices!

Dietary Starch Content 25% - ≥ 30% Starch Diets Common ? Average #2 yellow corn cash price in Minneapolis, MN at 5 year intervals from Sept. 1975 - Aug. 1976 through Sept. 2010 - July. 2011 (USDA ERS, 2011)

Practical forage-NDF range in high-group TMR 24% forage-NDF • High Quality Forages • Large Forage Supply • Forages Favorably Priced i. e. 60% Forage @ 40% NDF 16% forage-NDF • Limited Forage Supply • Forages Expensive • Moderate/Low Quality Forages i. e. 35% Forage @ 46% NDF

Dairy NRC Min. forage NDF & Max. NFC Dietary Guidelines 24% forage-NDF 44% NFC Starchy Grains High Fiber Byproducts 16% forage-NDF 38% NFC

Endproducts of Ruminal CHO Fermentation NDF Greater proportion of acetate Starch Greater proportion of propionate Sugar Greater proportion of butyrate or valerate Pectin/Soluble Fiber Greater proportion of acetate Impact DMI, milk yield & composition, & feed conversions

Overcoming variable ruminal starch digestibilities!

HM Corn Simulation Feed Grainv 2. 0 Evaluation System

HM Corn Simulation Feed Grainv 2. 0 Evaluation System

Dry Corn Simulation Feed Grainv 2. 0 Evaluation System

Dry Corn Simulation Feed Grainv 2. 0 Evaluation System

Milk Fat Content by Week a ab b b Week × Treatment interaction (P < 0. 05)

Ammonia Content During Feeding Trial by Treatment

Interactions between Cow Comfort & SARA influence laminitis incidence Cow Comfort Good Poor SARA Low High Likelihood of Laminitis Low Moderate High

Locomotion Scores on Selected WI Dairies Data collected by Whitney Auth & Dr. Mike Wolf Winter-2006 Locomotion Score Farms 1 3 5 6 n 476/750 287/360 279/330 540/750 1 46% 54% 51% 2 27% 26% 28% 27% 3 17% 12% 13% 16% 4 8% 6% 6% 5% 5 2% 2% 2% 1%

Cow comfort wins all around!

The paradox of high protein supplement prices & need to reduce N excretion!

Effect of CP (Solvent SBM) on Milk & Protein Yield (Olmos & Broderick, 2003) USDFRC

Strategies to improve MNE may allow for improved fertility • • • Reduced Dietary CP RUP/RDP Balancing Rumen Carbo Balancing RP Amino Acid Supplementation MUN Monitoring

Souza et al. , 2012, UW-Madison

Souza et al. , 2012, UW-Madison

Transition cows – Is it diet, facilities, management, or all of the above?

% Cows Leaving That Left in the 21 Day Period Source: Kent Weigel 8% 0. 16% 6% 0. 12% 4% 0. 08% 2% 0. 04% 0% 0. 00% 21 DIM Interval Data Source: Steve Stewart, U. of Minnesota 624, 614 Cows Leaving 5, 749 Herds 0. 20% a Period. 0. 24% Average Risk/Day of`Leaving In 420 -440 399 -419 378 -398 357 -377 336 -356 10% 315 -335 12% 294 -314 273 -293 252 -272 231 -251 210 -230 189 -209 168 -188 147 -167 126 -146 105 -125 84 -104 63 -83 42 -62 21 -41 0 -20 When Cows Leave the Herd (S. Stewart - MN DHIA 10/96 – 10/01)

Dry-off Calving Far-off Dry Period Close-up Dry Period Or Prefresh Transition Period “Low” Post. Fresh Transition Period “High” Energy Density of Diet

Rationale for Close-Up Diet • Rumen microbial adaptation to starch • Maximize dry matter intake • Decrease fat mobilization • Reduce metabolic disorders • Increase subsequent milk yield

High vs. Low NFC Close-Up Dry Cow Diets High – Low NFC Prepartum DMI lb/d Trial 1 High, Low Diet NFC 44%, 35% 2 38%, 35% 0 3 28%, 13% +4* 4 30%, 25% +8* 5 30%, 24% -2 6 45, 38% +4* 7 40, 34% - 0. 2 +6*

High vs. Low NFC Close-Up Dry Cow Diets High – Low NFC Postpartum DMI lb/d Trial 1 High, Low Diet NFC 44%, 35% 2 38%, 35% -- 3 28%, 13% 0 4 30%, 25% -2 5 30%, 24% +2 6 45, 38% +1 7 40, 34% -1 --

High vs. Low NFC Close-Up Dry Cow Diets Trial 1 High, Low Diet NFC 44%, 35% High – Low NFC Milk Yield lb/d -- 2 38%, 35% 0 3 28%, 13% +1 4 30%, 25% - 13 5 30%, 24% +7 6 45, 38% -4 7 40, 34% -3

High vs. Low NFC Close-Up Dry Cow Diets Trial 1 High, Low Diet NFC 44%, 35% High – Low NFC Liver TG units vary -- 2 38%, 35% -1 3 28%, 13% -- 4 30%, 25% -- 5 30%, 24% - 3* 6 45, 38% -1 7 40, 34% --

Dry-off Calving Dry Period • Single Diet Re: Energy/Protein • Possibly 2 nd Close-Up Diet Re: DCAD, Vits. , Adds. “Low/Moderate” Post. Fresh Transition Period “Moderate/High” Energy Density of Diet

Focus on the management by nutrition interactions!

Some Transition Cow Management by Nutrition Interactions q BCS at dry-off q Dry period length q Days on pre- & post-fresh diets q Stall & bunk stocking densities q Abrupt cow movement (facilities or pens) q Feed mixing & delivery q Feed quality q etc. , etc.

Body Condition at Calving þ Target = 3. 5 þ 4+ cows q q > Intake depression prior to calving Poor appetites in early lactation More metabolic & digestive disorders Poor fertility

Average = 3. 0 Stdev = 0. 96

Average = 3. 0 Stdev = 0. 28

Pack Stocking Density Milking Cows 80 – 100 sq. ft. per cow Transition Cows 120 – 150 sq. ft. per cow

Stall Stocking Density Milking Cows 100% – 120% Transition Cows 80% - 100%

How much bunk space? Milking Cows 18 – 24 linear inches per cow Transition Cows 30 linear inches per cow

The Three Rations Sort Feed, Weather, Feed Bunk Is What the comput er says What the feeder mixes What the cow Wrong Feed, eats Mixing too long, Wrong lbsof feed Feed Dry Matter Changes, Moldy Feed, Nutrients Change (c) 2010 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, doing business as the Division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.

TMR Management Programs q q EZfeed q DHI-Provo Feed. Watch q Valley Ag Software Feed Supervisor q K. S. Dairy Consulting TMR Tracker q Digi-Star

Operator Performance Deviations 10% % Error 5% 1% Transition Pens: 9% Lactating Pens: . 6% Source: Keith Sather, Feed Supervisor

Facing Bunkers

A Few Random Thoughts on Nutrition Management/Consulting • View the glass as both half full & half empty • See the forest for the trees, but the devil is in the details • Embrace the KISS principle • Pick the low hanging fruit first • Be a customizer rather than a homogenizer • Be patient, but also persistent • Find the hot button to press • Trust but verify • Navigate through varying shades of gray • The cows never lie

Immune Function • • • Vitamin A, Beta Carotene Vitamin D Vitamin E Se, Zn, Cu, Mn Chromium?

Feed Additives Rumensin Buffers RP-Choline RP-Amino Acids Biotin DCAD Products Fatty Acid Products • EPA & DHA • C 18: 2, C 1 8: 3 • Yeast Products • •

Visit UW Extension Dairy Cattle Nutrition Website http: //www. uwex. edu/ces/dairynutrition/