Federalists vs Republicans John Adams and the Federalists
Federalists vs. Republicans John Adams and the Federalists were in power after President Washington’s term. Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic – Republicans formed an opposition party because they were upset with the Alien & Sedition Acts and a “Quasi-War” with France. 1. What was Thomas Jefferson’s party? 2. Which party did farmers and Southerners generally support? 3. Why did Jefferson form an opposition party?
Election of 1800 • Federalists – John Adams • 1 st sitting president who had to seriously campaign to keep his job – Charles Pinckney • Picked because of success from XYZ Affair • Democratic – Republican – Thomas Jefferson • VP who really wants to be POTUS – Aaron Burr • Popular politician within Democratic – Republican party
Review: • Adams and Jefferson were both founding fathers and friends prior to Adams becoming President. • Adams (a loose constructionist), and he infuriated Jefferson(a strict constructionist) when he passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. • Jefferson believed that the Acts were a violation of the 1 st amendment.
Election of 1800 • This was the nation’s first real election campaign. • Unlike today where candidates travel the country and ask people to vote for them, in 1800 the candidates gave their views to important people and newspapers. • The election got nasty! Each side published malicious lies about the other in the newspapers.
Election of 1800 Breakdown • Thomas Jefferson electoral votes • Aaron Burr electoral votes • John Adams electoral votes - 73 - 65 • Problem: – If there is a tie for 1 st, who wins? • Who becomes VPOTUS? • It goes to the House of Representatives to pick from the top 2 candidates!
In the case of a tie…House of Representatives picks the new POTUS • In the H of Reps – Most of the majority political party is the Federalists: • They refuse to vote for TJ – They pick Burr just because they hate Thomas Jefferson – The Democratic-Republican’s make up the rest • They vote for Jefferson • What happens? – It’s a tie vote 35 straight times…
Enter Alexander Hamilton • Because he hated Aaron Burr so much… – He got the Federalists to not vote at all • That way Jefferson could win! – Becomes 3 rd POTUS • Aaron Burr is furious – He becomes VPOTUS – Because of this…. » Aaron Burr and Hamilton will be lifelong enemies… • Until one shoots the other.
• Jefferson defeats Adams • Democratic. Republicans take power • 1 st peaceful transition of parties
The U. S. Constitution gets a new amendment • 12 th amendment – Added in 1803 • Created 2 ballots for presidential elections: • 1 for POTUS • 1 for VPOTUS • That way there can never be a tie again…. we hope.
Focus Question 1. Why did the election lead to the Twelfth Amendment? p. 267
Focus Question 1. Why did the election lead to the Twelfth Amendment? p. 267 Answer: Because Jefferson and Burr tied, it showed the need to have separate tickets or ballots for president and vice president.
Focus Question 1. Why were the judges that Adams appointed called “midnight judges?
Focus Question 1. Why were the judges that Adams appointed called “midnight judges? Answer: The Judiciary Act of 1801 allowed Adams the opportunity to appoint sixteen new federal judges the night before he left office: thus the label “midnight judges. ”
• The Duel at Dawn…July 11, 1804 After continued conflict with Hamilton, Aaron Burr challenges Hamilton to the duel – They are to meet in New Jersey • Rules of duel: – They will march off 10 paces – They will turn and present arms – On command, they will fire at each other
The Death of Alexander Hamilton • Hamilton shoots the tree next to Burr • Burr shoots Hamilton in the chest – He dies the next day • With his death and John Adams retirement the Federalist party ends. • The Jefferson Era begins!
• 1 st President inaugurated in DC • Outlines his essential principles of a more limited government • “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. ”
• Lets the Alien & Sedition Acts expire • Cuts all internal taxes • Uses tariffs and sales of Western land to reduce the National Debt
• Jefferson had James Madison refuse to give a commission to one of John Adams’ “midnight judges” • Issue goes to the Supreme Court • Establishes the concept of “Judicial Review” • The Court may decide if a law is constitutional or not
• Owned by France (at war with England) • New Orleans controls the entire Mississippi River • Haitian Revolution makes the territory less valuable to France
• Jefferson is not sure if it’s Constitutional • Uses his treaty-making power • $15 million ( today $250 million) to double the size of the US
Focus Questions 1. List the two nations that controlled Louisiana and New Orleans in 1802. p. 273 2. Why did Jefferson want to buy New Orleans from France? (Three Answers)
Focus Questions 1. List the two nations that controlled Louisiana and New Orleans in 1802. p. 273 2. Why did Jefferson want to buy New Orleans from France? (Three Answers) Answers: 1. Spain, France 2. - New Orleans was a huge trade center during this time - Doubled the size of the United States (Provided more land for farmers) - Protect shipping/trade on the Mississippi River
Goals for the new territory • Collect information about the land • Learn about plants and animals • Suggest sites forts • Find a Northwest Passage, or water route, across North
• Lewis & Clark hired to explore & find Northwest Passage • Sacajawea brought on as guide • Reach Pacific in Nov. 1805 • Open the way to settlement & claim on Oregon Territory • The group returned in 1806, and their findings encouraged others to want to move west.
Focus Question 1. List some of the challenges Lewis and Clark faced on their expedition.
Focus Question 1. List some of the challenges Lewis and Clark faced on their expedition. Answers: - Traveling/Transportation issues - Fear of hostile attack from the Native Americans (Communication Issues) - Sleep deprivation/possible diseases from insects - Food and supply shortages - Weather issues
Focus Question 1. Why do think Lewis and Clark asked Sacagawea and her husband to go on the expedition with them? Please provide two examples to support your answer p. 276
Focus Question 1. Why do think Lewis and Clark asked Sacagawea and her husband to go on the expedition with them? Please provide two examples to support your answer p. 276 Possible Answers: - Help Lewis and Clark find edible food (plants, animals) - Help guide them through the tough terrain - Used them as interpreters to help prevent possible attacks from the Native Americans
The Jefferson Era: A Time Of Conflict • Because France and Britain were at war, they kept their merchant ships at home. • This allowed American merchants less competition. • American ships sailed along the North African cost and were at risk for attack by pirates.
• Barbary pirates from North Africa attack US ships & demand tributes. One of these countries was Tripoli. • Jefferson sent the USS Philadelphia & orders a blockade of Tripoli. • In 1804, the pirates took control of the USS Philadelphia. • US Navy burned the
• Jefferson sent the USS Constitution to blockade and assault Tripoli forts. • The pirates sign a treaty which ends tributes to Tripoli. • The US would continue to pay tributes to other Barbary states until 1816
• France & England’s war traps US in the middle • US ships & sailors harassed by both. In 1807, Britain fired on the US ship the Chesapeake killing three sailors. Many Americans wanted to declare war, but
The Embargo Act Fails • Act blocks trade against both countries; but really only hurts US merchants • In 1809, Congress ends the Embargo Act and replaces it with the Nonintercourse Act • This new law only stopped trade with Britain and France; it also
• Jefferson Era Comes to and End: Election of 1808 Jefferson did not run for a third term • Election of 1808 – Candidates were: • Republican candidate James Madison • Federalist candidate Charles Pinckney
• Jefferson’s hand-picked successor James Madison becomes the next President • Jefferson renews friendship with friend and political rival, John Adams • Both die on July 4, 1826 the 50 th anniversary of the
1. How many modern 2. About how many day states did the miles do you Corps of Discovery think their pass through? expedition was? 3. Why do you think their trip was not a simple straight line to the west?
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