Federalists and Republicans 1787 1816 Chapter 6 Washington

Federalists and Republicans (1787 -1816) Chapter 6

Washington & Congress Section 1

Creating a New Government n Goal: Take words of the Constitution & turn them into an effective government n Washington needed support – created a cabinet: n n Department of State: Thomas Jefferson n Department of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton n Department of War: General Henry Knox n Office of the Attorney General: Edmund Randolph Washington appointed John Jay as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Bill of Rights n Remember your rights as Americans guaranteed you in the Constitution? n Congress agreed on 12 amendments, but only 10 were approved– known as the Bill of Rights n Why were the Bill of Rights attached to the Constitution? <Think back to chapter 5…>

Financing the Government n n Bank of the U. S. – proposed by Alexander Hamilton n Gov’t needed bank to manage debts & interest payments n Paper currency: (1) promote trade, (2) encourage investment, (3) stimulate economic growth Problem: Congress does not have the enumerated power to create a bank… n Washington was afraid of creating a precedence, or a firm tradition n Hamilton argued the Necessary & Proper Clause (“Elastic Clause”) gave Congress the power—implied power

Whiskey Rebellion n Congress passed a direct-tax on Whiskey n In response, PA farmers defied the tax by: n n (1) terrorized tax collectors, (2) stopped court proceedings, (3) robbed the mail, (4) destroyed the whiskey stills of farmers who paid the taxes *First test of the National Gov’t under the new Constitution* n Hamilton wanted to establish firm authority of the federal government; Washington sent 15, 000 troops to put down the rebellion n U. S. citizens were worried because the Feds used troops against its own people

Rise of Political Parties n n Congress was split into factions over Hamilton’s financial plan n Hamilton’s supporters – Federalists n Jefferson’s/Madison’s supporters: Republicans Page 214, Fill in the information in the “Competing National Visions” chart on your outline.

Comprehension Check n 1. Explain why President Washington created the cabinet. n 2. True or False: The Bill of Rights is the first 5 amendments of the Constitution. n 3. Describe the importance of the “Necessary and Proper Clause” in the creation of the National Bank. n 4. True or False: The Whiskey Rebellion challenged the power of that National Government. n 5. True or False: Jefferson believed the national government should be very powerful.

Partisan Politics Section 2

Washington Leaves Office n n Washington had grown tired of: (1) party politics, and (2) attacks on his character n Washington set a precedence by only serving 2 terms n Farewell Address: n Warned Americans against sectionalism (N/S & E/W) n Spoke against forming political parties Election of 1796 n Federalists – *John Adams; Republicans – Thomas Jefferson n Adams = President; Jefferson = Vice President

War Between the Parties n n Alien & Sedition Acts n 1 st : Aliens had to wait 14 years before becoming a citizen n 2 nd : Gave the President power to deport aliens n 3 rd : Deporting aliens n 4 th : Federal crime to print anything “False, scandalous, and malicious” against the government (denied citizens the right to criticize public officials) Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions: nullification-if government passed an unconstitutional law the states had the right to declare the law invalid n State’s Rights

Election of 1800 n Federalist: John Adams; Republican: Thomas Jefferson (Aaron Burr – VP) n Revealed a flaw in the Electoral College & process of electing a President n Controversy n n Burr & Jefferson tied; 26 ballots cast to select the pres. ; Hamilton helped Jefferson to become pres. The world watched as the “democratic” experiment would work as power was peacefully transferred between political parties.

Comprehension Check 62 n 1. Name the two Presidential candidates in the election of 1796. n 2. True or False: In Washington’s farewell address he encouraged the American people to ally themselves with European countries. n 3. Who won the election of 1800? n 4. True or False: A. Hamilton killed A. Burr in a duel. n 5. True or False: Washington served 3 terms as President.

Jefferson in Office Section 3

Jefferson Takes Office n Jefferson thought Adams & Washington acted too much like Royalty (had too much power) n Jefferson will use his terms in office to limit the power of the central government by: n Payoff federal debt n Cut government spending n Do away with whiskey tax

Rise of the Supreme Court n J. Adams appoints 16 federal judges on the night before he leaves office, they become nicknamed the “Midnight Judges” n Marbury vs. Madison (1803) n John Marshall appointed as new Chief Justice: he served for 34 years & made the Supreme Court a powerful & independent branch of government n Jefferson refused to deliver the appointment papers & hoped he could appoint Republican judges n Marbury, one of the judges “appointed, ” brought a court case n CJ Marshall said: Court could not issue an order for Madison to deliver the documents n Judicial Review: Supreme Court could review laws made by Congress to determine if they were constitution, or not

Western Expansion n Louisiana Purchase n France needed money to help fund Napoleon’s campaign to conquer Europe n Jefferson was afraid with Napoleon’s ambitions, the US would have to ally with Great Britain n France sold the Louisiana Territory to the U. S. for $11. 25 million + French debts to American citizens worth $3. 75 million = $15 million total cost n Doubled the size of the US & gave the US control of the Mississippi River n 820, 000 square miles added to the U. S. territory

Lewis & Clark n Corps of Discovery – led by Meriwether Lewis & William Clark left from Independence, Missouri n Mission: Explore the Louisiana Purchase territory & find the “treasures” of the land n Sacagawea, Shoshone woman, who joined the Corps of Discovery as an interpreter & guide n Lewis & Clark found a path through the Rocky Mountains & traced the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean n The expedition educated people what the land was like in the west (wild life, Native American groups, etc. ), and gave us claim to the Oregon territory

Comprehension Check 63 n 1. List of one of the three ways in which Jefferson limited the power of the government. n 2. True or False: Jefferson appointed 16 federal judges the night before the left office. n 3. Explain judicial review. n 4. What was the court case that established judicial review? n 5. Who led the Corps of Discovery through the Louisiana Territory?

War of 1812 Section 4

Rising International Tensions n Neutrality! Washington had encourage the US to be neutral – not side with one country or another in a conflict n Impressment: legalized kidnapping of people & forcing them to serve in the military n Leopard (British) vs. Chesapeake (American) – battle on the seas, Leopard opened fire n Americans angry, Jefferson stops all trade with Europe n Embargo – government ban on trade with specific countries n Unpopular with Americans because it hurt farmers & businesses

Decision for War n Bombing of Fort Mc. Henry n John Madison becomes the 4 th president & led the US into full scale war with Great Britain; declared war in June 1812 n War Hawks: Henry Clay (KY), John C. Calhoun (SC), Felix Grundy (TN) n Tecumseh, Shawnee leader, allied with the British to get native land back from the U. S.

War Ends n n n Britain’s war strategy: n British navy attack American costal cities n Cut New England off from the rest of the country n Seize the port of New Orleans Raids on Washington, DC & Baltimore n British burned the White House & the Capitol n British stopped in Baltimore at Ft. Mc. Henry Battle of Horseshoe Bend-General Andrew Jackson sent to protect the AL territory

War Ends n Treaty of Ghent – signed December 24, 1814: Ends the War of 1812 n n n No land is gained from War of 1812 & no decisive victory Positive Results of War of 1812: n Increased U. S. prestige & power n New spirit of patriotism n National unity Battle of New Orleans – January 15, 1815 n n Jackson & his troops hid behind cotton bales & British easy targets Results of the Battle of New Orleans n Andrew Jackson – National Hero n Destroyed Federalist Party n Nationalism, pride in one’s country

Comprehension Check 64 n 1. True or False: Impressment is when the British tried to make the US jealous with their navy. n 2. Explain the term embargo. n 3. Explain the term War Hawk. n 4. True or False: The British burned the White House and Capitol. n 5. True or False: The Treaty of Paris ended the War of 1812.