Federalism National State and Local Powers Illustrated Dictionary

Federalism: National, State, and Local Powers

Illustrated Dictionary Word Definition Apportionment Gerrymandering Delegated/Expressed Powers Reserved Powers Concurrent Powers Constituents Devolution The transfer of power from a central government to a regional or local govt. Unfunded Mandate A regulation or policy imposed by the federal govt. on state and local govt. without adequate federal funds to carry out the policy Your Definition Illustration

Illustrated Dictionary Word Definition Interstate Commerce Trade that takes place between two states or among several states. Intrastate Commerce Trade that takes place within the borders of a state. Redistricting The process of redrawing the geographic boundaries of legislative districts after a census to reflect population changes. Your Definition Illustration

Under our federal system. . • You might not expect the gray wolf to be involved in a power struggle between the national and state governments. States traditionally exercised control over wildlife within their borders. Wolves were universally viewed as threats to people and livestock. By the 1900 s though wolves were endangered due to states paying people to kill every wolf they could. Concern led Congress to pass the Endangered Species Act in 1973. This law gave control of endangered animals to the US fish and wildlife service. State bounties were banned and hunting of wolves were outlawed in fact a person guilty of killing a wolf could receive a $100, 000 fine and a yr in jail! • But then, the wolf population increased and people feared raids by wolves on their livestock. States urged federal government to turn the issue back over to them and in 2007 management went back to state agencies. This is example of a long debate and conflict that can arise in a federal system.

Copy the Venn diagram below into your notebook. Provide a definition and at least two examples of the powers listed below. Be ready to answer this question: What are the benefits and drawbacks of a federal system? Expressed Powers Reserved Powers Concurrent Powers

Different types of powers • Expressed powers are those that are stated in the Constitution as powers of the national government. Examples: coining money and making treaties with other countries • Concurrent powers are powers shared by the national and state governments. Examples: levying taxes and establishing courts • Reserved powers are reserved for the states. Examples: overseeing public schools and regulating businesses

Create a Timeline in your Notebook, and place each of the following terms along it. • • Duel Federalism Cooperative Federalism Regulated Federalism New Federalism – For each term, include the approximate dates that this type of federalism existed and a simple illustration. Also briefly explain how national and state powers were defined during each period.

Dual Federalism • 1790 -1933 • The national and state governments maintained a fairly strict division of powers • The two levels of government were part of a whole, but each had its own clearly delineated area • During this era the Supreme court sometimes played the role of referee. . the Supreme court made it clear in 1819 in the Mc. Culloch v Maryland that federal laws take precedent over state laws

Cooperative Federalism • 1933 -1960 • The national and state governments shared more powers and worked together • New Deal programs ushered in the era due to the Great Depression • It took all levels of government to work as allies to ease human suffering • A key difference from dual is that the federal government gave grants in aid for specific programs such as unemployment

Regulated Federalism • 1960 s • National and state governments continued to share powers. National still provided funds to states but outlined strict regulations for how the money could be spent • Often state and local governments did not receive enough funding to meet all of the regulations (unfunded mandates)

New Federalism • 1970 s-1990 s • National and state governments shared fewer powers as powers started to shift toward the states (devolution) • Presidents Nixon and Reagan encouraged states to write their own “recipes” for solving problems • National continued to providing federal funds • Examples: welfare systems turned over to state governments

What do state constitutions show about how power is distributed in our federal system? • State constitutions show that both national and state governments have power to govern in our federal system. The national government has limited power and reserves a good amount of power for the states • Each state is left to organize its government as its citizens choose but the Constitution does require that each state supports a representative form of government • Example: Nebraska has a unicameral legislature

Branches of State governments • Create an illustration that will help you remember important information about the three branches of state government. • Also, record notes about the role of each branch of state government.

State legislatures • • Responsible for making laws State taxes Creates budgets Apportionment of seats in US House of Reps and state legislatures • They do things such as enact laws that create state parks, graduation requirements for high school students and fund everything from state prisons to community colleges

State legislatures • For much of our history, state legislatures varied in how they approached apportionment or distribution of seats • Often they tried to draw district boundaries in a manner that benefited themselves or other members of their political party which is called gerrymandering • Today redistricting is done every 10 years after the Census reports the results

State Governors • Responsible for managing the Exec branch • Powers such as preparing the state budget, commanding State National Guard and issuing executive orders • May serve as ambassadors for the state and play a big part in promoting the state’s economic development • Examples: leadership to get things done like prohibiting smoking in indoor public spaces, supporting scholarship programs, improve child passenger safety

State Courts system • Trial courts handle most cases that affect citizens’ daily lives • Lower level trial courts include small claims courts (usually disputes involving less than $5000) and municipal courts (divorces, traffic tickets, adoptions) • Higher level trial courts deal with major criminal cases and lawsuits • Appeals courts handle cases that are appealed from trial courts

Organization and purpose of each local government system Local government system How is it organized? What is its purpose Counties, parishes, and boroughs Usually headquartered in the county seat, the most centrally located town in the county. Headed by an elected board To provide government services to rural residents. Duties could include enforcement and road construction Mayor-council system Mayor who is chief executive, and council is lawmaking body. All elected. Govern a city; mayor’s duties vary Commission system Voters elect commissioners who enact ordinances (rules enacted by city government) Govern a city. Commissioners also serve as department heads to carry out duties (police commissioner, fire, parks, building, etc)

Organization and purpose of each local government system Local government system How is it organized? What is its purpose Council-manager system which is the most common form in U. S. Election of city council. City manager is hired to fulfill day to day operations Govern a city Combines the democratic rule with the professional management expertise Special-purpose districts Specialized separate units of governments. May overlap geographic boundaries. Have their own elected leaders and taxing authority. An example would be the school board. Board is elected to hire, approve budgets and establish policy Usually carry out one specialized function such as providing fire protection or running a hospital