Federal Aviation Administration FAA GNSS Program Plans and

Federal Aviation Administration FAA GNSS Program Plans and Status Presented to: Institute of Navigation NTM By: Date: Leo Eldredge, FAA GNSS Group January 28, 2008

Agenda • Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) Status • Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) Status • Future Considerations ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 2

FAA Satellite Navigation Vision ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 3

WAAS Architecture ION NTM January 28, 2008 38 Reference 3 Master 4 Ground Stations Earth Stations 2 Geostationary 2 Operational Satellite Links Control Centers Federal Aviation Administration 4

WAAS Performance WAAS LPV -200 Standard Actual GPS Standard GPS Actual Horizontal 95% 36 m 2. 74 m 16 m 1. 08 m Vertical 95% 77 m *3. 89 m 4 m 1. 26 m * Use of GPS vertical not authorized for aviation without augmentation (SBAS or GBAS) WAAS Performance evaluated based on a total of 1, 761 million samples (or 20, 389 user days) ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 5

WAAS Enterprise Schedule FY 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 FLP Segment (Phase II) Development Operational FOC LPV-200 Segment (Phase III) Technical Refresh Operational JRC Dual Frequency (Phase IV) Inmarsat GEO #3 – Intelsat Operational Technical Refresh JRC Lease Extension 9/06 Operational Launch 10/05 GEO #4 – Tele. Sat Operational Launch 9/05 GEO #5 – TBD GEO #6 – TBD Operational Launch 7/12 Operational Launch 7/15 ~6, 000 Approach Development WAAS Procedure Development

WAAS Phases • Phase I: IOC (July 2003) – Provided LNAV/VNAV/Limited LPV Capability • Phase II: Full LPV (2003 – 2008) – Improved LPV availability in CONUS and Alaska – Consists of additional WRS, hardware updates, software optimization, improved human factors, and GEO replacement • Phase III: Full LPV-200 (Cat I ILS Equivalent) Performance (2009 – 2013) – Development, modifications, and enhancements to include tech refresh – Steady state operations and maintenance • Phase IV: Dual Frequency Operations (2014 – 2028) – – Scheduled to align with Do. D’s GPS Modernization Program (L 5) Provide additional protection against unintentional GPS interference Will significantly improve availability and continuity during severe solar activity WAAS will continue to support current single frequency users ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 7

GEO Satellite Improvements • Phase I – IOC – Inmarsat Satellites • AOR-W – 54 W • POR – 178 E – AOR-W Moved to 142 W – Leases Expired July 2007 POR 178°E New AOR/W Position 142°W Original AOR/W Position 54°W • Phase II - FLP – New GEOs • Intelsat (Galaxy XV) – 133 W • Telesat Canada (Anik F 1 R) – 107 W – Operational July 2007 – 10 Year Lease ION NTM January 28, 2008 Pan. Am. Sat Telesat 133°W 107°W Federal Aviation Administration 8

WAAS LPV Coverage - Initial Operating Capability - ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 9

WAAS LPV Coverage - Current 2008 -

WAAS RNP Coverage - Current -

WAAS Avionics Status • Total WAAS avionics receivers sold ~25, 000 • Approximately 40% of ~120, 000 IFR equipped GA aircraft are equipped with Garmin receivers – GNS-400/500 series new and upgrades available – G-1000 becoming WAAS upgradeable • Flight Management System Interface more complicated, hence slower to the market – Rockwell-Collins: Providing both TSO WAAS enabled multimode receivers and WAAS FMS sensors. Expecting CRJ/Canadair 604 STC approval in FY‘ 08 – CMC: FAA Tech Center’s Global 5000 aircraft to integrate CMC WAAS sensor into Honeywell Primus 2000 FMS by December 2008. – Universal Avionics: WAAS-enabled capability in dual thread UNS-1 FMS TSO. Supports: Helicopters, Turboprops, Business jets, regional aircraft, air transport aircraft retrofits, FAA’s two Citations XLs ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 12

WAAS Avionics Status Cont’d • Southwest Airlines – “Southwest Airlines will equip more than 200 Boeing 737 legacy aircraft with Rockwell Collins' Global Positioning System GPS-4000 S for Required Navigational Performance (RNP) operations. Installation begins in 2008. ” 1 – “Rockwell Collins' GPS-4000 S sensor and associated Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) antenna will allow improved availability and integrity of GPS navigation. Additionally, WAAS provides service for all classes of aircraft in all flight operations, including en route navigation, airport departures and airport arrivals. “ 2 • Fed. Ex Express – Currently equipping 253 Cessna Caravan Aircraft with GNS-530 W WAAS avionics and GMX-200 multi-function displays – Starting to equip 48 Q 400 s with Universal UNS-1 F avionics 1, 2 Rockwell Collins Press Release, January 15, 2008: Southwest selects Rockwell Collins' GPS system for RNP operations ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 13

Instrument Approach Services GPS LNAV WAAS LAAS ½ ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 14

GPS/WAAS Approach Procedures LPVs LNAV/VNAVs LNAVs 995 1121 4225 LP procedure criteria under development for use at runways where obstacles prevent a vertically guided approach ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 15

WAAS Approaches Today Each dot represents an airport with an LPV and/or LNAV/VNAV minima on an RNAV (GPS) instrument approach procedure (As of: July 12, 2007) ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 16

Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) • • • ION NTM January 28, 2008 Precision Approach For Category I, II & III Multiple Runway Coverage At An Airport Terminal Area Procedures for Arrival and Departure Federal Aviation Administration 17

Current Activities • • • Integrity Analysis and Prototype Development GBAS System Design Approval (SDA) Process GBAS/LAAS Operational Implementation International Cooperation and Development CAT-III Research & Development Activities ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 18

LAAS Category-I Activities • Integrity Analysis and Prototype Development – Probability of Hazardously Misleading Information (HMI) Analysis Expected to Complete in March 2008 • GBAS System Design Approval (SDA) Process – Honeywell Developing Certified Hardware and Software to Implement the FAA-approved Category-I Design – Airservices Australia Funding Development Activities – FAA Supporting Technical Reviews and Design Assurance for Non. Federal Approval • GBAS/LAAS Operational Implementation – First Site Approval at Memphis in Late 2008 – Fed. Ex Applicant for Special Approval • International Cooperation and Development – Memorandum of Cooperation (MOC) with As. A, AENA, DFS – Parallel Implementation of Cat-I Systems ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 19

Category II/III Plan • Requirements Development – Coordinate With ICAO/NSP and RTCA/WG-4 – Publish Draft MOPS and GF Specification ~ December 2008 • Objective is to Optimize Performance and Integrity Allocations Between LAAS Ground Facility and Auto-Land Equipped Aircraft • Prototyping and Validation – Develop CAT-II/III Prototype LGF and User Avionics by ~2010 • Validate Implementation of the Integrity Design and Allocations – Complete Non-Federal System Design Approval by ~2012 ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 20

Future Considerations • GNSS Modernization – GPS Dual Frequency (L 1/L 5) Service Provides Foundation – Potential for Larger or Multiple GNSS Constellations – User Equipment Standards Development for New Signals • WAAS Dual Frequency Upgrade – Level of Dual Frequency Integration Required and the Impact on the Current System • Established GNSS Evolutionary Architecture Study (GEAS) to Investigate Long Range Planning for Dual Frequency GPS – Objective: Develop Architectural Alternatives to Provide Worldwide LPV-200 Service in the ~2025 -2030 Timeframe – Satisfaction of Aviation Integrity Requirements as a Most Challenging Aspect Based on Experience with WAAS/ LAAS – Participation With The GPS Wing, Do. D National Security Space Office (NSSO), DOT Research & Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), and the Joint Planning & Development Office (JPDO) for Next. Gen ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 21

GEAS Panel Deane Bunce (Co-Chair) FAA ATO-W Geoff Harris G-Wing/Aerospace Leo Eldredge FAA ATO-W Karl Shallberg GREI Deborah Lawrence FAA ATO-W Boris Pervan IIT Calvin Miles FAA ATO-W John Dobyne G-WIng/ARINC Kevin Bridges FAA AVS Karl Kovach G-Wing/Aerospace Hamza Abduselam FAA AVS Willie Bertiger JPL Tom Mc. Hugh FAA ATO-P Young Lee MITRE Bill Wanner FAA ATO-P JP Fernow MITRE David Schoonenberg NSSO Frank Van Grass Ohio University Juan Blanch Stanford University Mike David NSSO Per Enge (Co-Chair) Stanford University Karen Van Dyke RITA/Volpe Todd Walter Stanford University Navin Mathur GPS TAC Pat Reddan Zeta Associates ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 22

GEAS Architecture Options • Architectural Paradigms in the GEAS – GNSS Integrity Channel (GIC) – Relative RAIM (RRAIM) – Absolute RAIM (ARAIM) • 6 Second Time to Alarm (TTA) Requirement Presents Significant Challenge for Any Architecture Providing Worldwide Service for Aviation • Alternatives Trade the Degree of Aircraft Based Augmentation (ABAS), Constellation Geometric Robustness, User Range Accuracy, and Corrections/Integrity Augmentation ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 23

GNSS Integrity Channel (GIC) • User Avionics – No RAIM/FDE Required – WAAS/SBAS extension – Dual Frequency (L 1/L 5) – Ionosphere Delay Estimation • Ground Segment Monitor Network – Externally Monitor and Detect All SV Faults That Affect the User – Requires Monitoring Network Capable of Continuous Monitoring of All GNSS Satellites From At Least Two Locations – Network Latency to Support Time to Alarm of 6 Seconds • Signal-In-Space – Corrections & Integrity Messages – Data Rate Comparable to SBAS Broadcast of 250 bps – Broadcast Via GEOs Or Other Suitable Means • Space Segment – Nominal 24 SV Commitment is Included in the SPS PS ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 24

Relative RAIM: Range Rate Residuals Propagate the most recent monitored position with carrier phase only DHPL Most recent monitored position with corresponding HPL and VPL DVPL Growth in HPL and VPL due to RAIM on the carrier phase-based delta position updates From Prof. van Graas, Ohio University ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 25

Relative RAIM: Range Rate Residuals • User Avionics – Integrity/Correction Messages Provide Starting Point – Dual Frequency (L 1/L 5) – Ionosphere Delay Estimation – RRAIM Algorithms Check Residuals Between Carrier Phase Measurements and Estimated Change in Position • Ground Segment Monitor Network – Requires Monitoring Network Capable of Continuous Monitoring of All GPS Satellites From At Least Two Locations – Time to Alarm of Up to 10 Minutes is Tolerable • Signal-In-Space Broadcast – RRAIM Coasting Enables Slow Integrity/Correction Messages – Suitable for SBAS GEOs, Possibly GNSS Messages or Other Low Data Rate Alternatives • Space Segment – Viable for Constellation of 27 or More (note 24 SV Commitment is Included in the SPS PS) ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 26

Absolute RAIM: Range Residuals • Avionics • Ground Segment Monitor Network • Signal-In-Space • Space Segment – Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring as the Primary Integrity Solution – Dual Frequency (L 1/L 5) – Ionosphere Delay Estimation – Continuous Monitoring of All GPS Satellites From At Least Two Locations – Update error variance and mean for each Satellite – Time to alarm of 1 or more hours is tolerable – Reliability Estimates (a Priori Probability) for Each SV – Broadcast Via GNSS or GEO Messages – Requires 30 or More GNSS SVs (note 24 SV Commitment is Included in the SPS PS) ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 27

Preliminary Results Constellation Architecture 24 minus 1 24 27 minus 1 27 30 minus 1 30 GIC 86. 6% 100% 97. 8% 100% RRAIM with 30 s coasting 81. 2% 99. 4% 96. 8% 100% RRAIM with 60 s coasting 74. 4% 98. 5% 92. 8% 100% RRAIM with 300 28. 0% s coasting 76. 1% 52. 3% 99. 6% 93. 9% 100% ARAIM 44. 7% 30. 6% 94. 1% 90. 5% 100% ION NTM January 28, 2008 7. 80% Federal Aviation Administration 28

GEAS Next Steps • Complete Phase 1 Report – Final Draft in Coordination, Release in February • Establish Phase 2 Work Plan – More Detailed Analysis of Each Architecture Alternative – Address three major areas: trade space refinement; integrity performance analysis; and transition strategy • • ION NTM January 28, 2008 Avionics Requirements and Monitoring Algorithms Ground System Monitoring Requirements and Algorithms Further Assessment of Constellation Variations Assess Multiple Constellation Considerations Federal Aviation Administration 29

Summary • WAAS Program Nearing Full Operational Capability (FOC) for FLP Service – Operational Implementation Activities Continue • Procedures and Avionics – In-Service Management and Operations – Engineering Studies to Prepare for GPS Modernization • LAAS Continues Under Research & Development – Category-I System Design Approval Planned for 2008 – Category-II/III Will Expected to Progress Through 2012 • GEAS Assessing Architectural Approach for Dual Frequency User Era ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 30

Questions ION NTM January 28, 2008 Federal Aviation Administration 31