Farhangian University Allameh Tabatabaee Campus 400 Must Have
Farhangian University: Allameh Tabatabaee Campus 400 Must Have Words for the TOEFL Sadegh Shariati
Lesson 1: Food Crops
abandon (v): to leave; to give up ﺗﺮک کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﺭﻫﺎ کﺮﺩﻥ �To save their lives, the sailors had to abandon the sinking ship. �They abandoned the match because of rain. Parts of speech abandon (n)����� �� He signed cheques with careless abandonment (n) ﺗﺮک �Their childhood abandonment by their mother abandoned (adj) ﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ، ﻣﺘﺮﻭک �The child was found abandoned but unharmed.
Adversely (adv): In a harmful way; negatively ﻣﻨﻔی / ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ �Excessive rainfall early in the spring can adversely affect the planting of crops. Usage tips �Adversely is often followed by affect. Parts of speech adversity (n) ﺷﺮﺍیﻂ ﺳﺨﺖ ، ﻣﺼیﺒﺖ ، ﺘی He overcame many personal adversities. adverse (adj) ﻣﻨﻔی ، ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ، ﺑﺪ �Lack of money will have an adverse effect on our research program. Adversary(n) ﺩﺷﻤﻦ ، ﺭﻗیﺐ He is my old political adversary.
aggregate (adj): Gathered into or amounting to a whole، کﻞ � It is impossible to judge last year’s performance without knowing the aggregate sales numbers. Usage tips Aggregate is often followed by a term like sum, total, or numbers. � aggregate demand����� ��/investment������ �� ����� /turnover Parts of speech aggregate (v) ﺑﺴﺘﻦ / ﺟﻤﻊ کﺮﺩﻥ � The scores were aggregated with the first round totals to decide the winner. aggregate (n)، ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ � The three smaller parties gained an aggregate of 25 per cent of the vote. aggregation (n) ﺟﻤﻊ آﻮﺭی
Words for the next page � Development (n) ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ، ﺭﺷﺪ � Settle (v) ﺳﺎکﻦ ﺷﺪﻥ � Highly (adv) ﺧیﻠی � Relationship(n)، ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ
cultivation (n): Preparing the land to grow crops; improvement for agricultural purposes ﺗﺮﺑیﺖ ، پﺮﻭﺭﺵ ، کﺎﺷﺖ ، آﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯی ﺯﻣیﻦ ﺑﺮﺍی کﺎﺷﺖ With the development of land cultivation, hunters and gatherers were able to settle in one place. � The cultivation of good relationship among people is important. � Parts of speech cultivate (v) ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ آﻮﺭﺩﻥ ، پﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ، کﺎﺷﺘﻦ The people cultivate mainly rice and beans. He tries to cultivate friendship among his friend cultivated (adj، پﺮﻭﺭﺷی ، ﺯیﺮکﺸﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ، ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨگ She is a highly cultivated woman. We have lots of cultivated fields in our city. These are cultivated mushrooms. cultivator (n) ﺩﺳﺘگﺎﻩ ﺷﺨﻢ ﺯﻧی ، کﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯ
Fertilize (v) To supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful substances to the soil������� Tomatoes grow well here because the farmers fertilize their soil with nitrogen. Parts of speech � fertilization (n) ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨیﺰ کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﺑﺎﺭﻭﺭ ﺳﺎﺯی Immediately after fertilization, the cells of the eggs divide. Ø Fertile (adj) ، ﺑﺎﺭﻭﺭ ، ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨیﺰ This is a fertile region, so we can plant different crops here. The treatment has been tested on healthy fertile women under the age of 35. Ø Fertility (n) � ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨیﺰی ، ﺑﺎﺭﻭﺭی The fertility of this land is amazing. They couldn’t have children, so they went under fertility treatment. Ø Fertilizer (n) / ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨیﺰ کﻨﻨﺪﻩ / ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﺭ ، کﻮﺩ Chemical /natural fertilizers
Intensify(v): To increase in power; to act with increased strength ﺯیﺎﺩ کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﺗﺸﺪیﺪ کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ Jacob’s long absence intensified his certainty that he should marry Rose. Parts of speech � Intensification (n) ﺗﺸﺪیﺪ ، ﺍﻓﺰﺍیﺶ The intensification of measures against cornavirus is acceptable. � Intense (adj) ، ﺷﺪیﺪ ، ﺯیﺎﺩ The president is under the intense pressure to resign. Ø Intensity(n) ، ﺷﺪﺕ ، ﻗﺪﺭﺕ They decided to increase the intensity of the attacks.
Irrigation (n): The supplying of water to dry land آﺒیﺎﺭی In dry areas of the country, you can see ditches all over the farm-land for irrigation. Parts of speech ØIrrigate (v) آﺒیﺎﺭی کﺮﺩﻥ Farmers try to irrigate their fields three times a months. Dry (adj) ��� Ditch(n)��� ����
Obtain (v): To gain possession of; to get ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻮﺭﺩﻥ After a series of difficult interviews, he finally was able to obtain the job. Parts of speech Ø Obtainable(adj) available ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ Stamps are obtainable from any post office Gain (v) ����� Stamp(n) ���� A series (n) ��� ��
Photosynthesis (n) The process by which green plants make their own food by combining water, salts, and carbon dioxide in the presence of light. ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ Oxygen is a by-product of the process of photosynthesis. Parts of speech � Photosynthesize (v) ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ کﺮﺩﻥ By-product (n) پیﺎﻣﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒی ، ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺟﺎﻧﺒی Process(n) ﻓﺮﺍیﻨﺪ Combine (v) ﺗﺮکیﺐ کﺮﺩﻥ
Precipitation (n) Rain and snow that fall to the earth’s surface ﻧﺰﻭﻻﺕ آﺴﻤﺎﻧی ، ﺑﺎﺭﺵ In the Pacific Northwest, the high level of precipitation ensures rich, green plant life. There is heavy precipitation in some parts of the country. Pacific Northwest. Ensure (v) ﺍﻃﻤیﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ، ﺗﻀﻤیﻦ کﺮﺩﻥ Heavy (adj) ﺗﻀﻤیﻦ
LESSON 2 Disaster
Anticipate (v). To expect; to sense something before it happen پیﺶ ﺑیﻨی کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ By placing sensors in earthquake-prone areas, scientists can anticipate some tremors in time to warn the public. 2. We don’t anticipate any major problem. Parts of speech � Anticipation (n) پیﺶ ﺑیﻨی He bought extra food in anticipation of more people coming than he had invited. � Anticipatory (adj) پیﺶ ﺑیﻨی ﺷﺪﻩ Alireza Biranvand made a fast anticipatory movement and caught the ball kicked by Ronaldo. 1.
Catastrophic (adj) Extremely harmful; causing financial or physical ruin; disastrous; ﻣﺼیﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺭ ، ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ آﻤیﺰ The architect died in a catastrophic elevator accident. Parts of speech � Catastrophe (n) disaster ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ Coronavirus is a catastrophe for the world. � Catastrophically (adv) ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺼیﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺭی Architect (n) ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ Elevator (n) آﺴﺎﻧﺴﺮ Disastrous(adj) ﻓﺎﺟﻌﻪ آﻤیﺰ
Collide (v)To come together with great or violent force; have accident: disagree strongly ﻣﻐﺎیﺮ ﻫﻢ ، ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ، ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ کﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ As usual, their holiday was ruined when their in-laws’ views on politics collided with their own. The car and the van collided heads on in the thick fog. Parts of speech � Collision (n) ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ، ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ، ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ There was a collision between two trains yesterday. In his work, we can see the collision of two different traditions. As usual ����� Ruin (v) ���� In law’s ����� Politics (n) ����� Heads-on �� �� �� Tradition (n) ���
Eruption (n)A sudden often violent outburst ﺷیﻮﻉ ، ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ، ﻃﻐیﺎﻥ ، )آﺘﺸﻔﺸﺎﻥ( ﻓﻮﺭﺍﻥ The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused 57 deaths and immeasurable change to the face of the mountain. There was an eruption of violent protest in France. Parts of speech � Erupt (v) ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻥ ، ﻓﻮﺭﺍﻥ کﺮﺩﻥ A volcano could erupt at any time. Violence erupted outside the embassy gates. St. (saint) ���� Death (n) ��� Immeasurable (adj) ���� �� ����� Cause (v)��� ���� Violence (n) �����
Famine (n): Severe hunger; a drastic food shortage ����� The potato famine in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century caused large numbers of Irish people to emigrate to America. There is the threat of widespread famine in Africa. Mid-nineteenth century������ Irish (adj) ������� Emigrate(v)������ Widespread(adj) ������ Threat(n) �����
Flood (n) An overflowing of water; an excessive amount ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ یﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺯیﺎﺩ ، ﺳیﻞ The constant rain and poor drainage system caused a flood in town. The political party sent out a flood of letters criticizing their opponents. Parts of speech � Flood (v) ﻃﻐیﺎﻥ کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﺯیﺮ آﺐ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ، پﺮ کﺮﺩﻥ ، The cellar floods whenever it rains heavily. The river flooded the valley. We have been flooded with complaints. Constant (adj) ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ Drainage (n)، ﺯﻫکﺸی ، ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ Criticize (v) ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ کﺮﺩﻥ Opponent (n) ﺭﻗیﺐ Complaint (n) ﺷکﺎیﺖ ﺳیﺴﺘﻢ
Impact (n) A strong influence ﺷﺪﺕ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ، ﺗﺎﺛیﺮ The speech about the importance of education made an impact on me. Businesses are beginning to feel the impact of the coronavirus The impact of the blow knocked Ali off balance. Parts of speech Impact (v) affect ، ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ / ﺗﺎﺛیﺮ گﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ The company’s performance was impacted by the high value of dollar. � Business کﺎﺭ کﺴﺐ ﻭ � Knock off کﺴی ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺯﻣیﻦ ، ﺩﺧﻞ کﺴی ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ آﻮﺭﺩﻥ کﺮﺩﻥ � Value (n) ﺍﺭﺯﺵ
Persevere (v) To keep going despite obstacles or discouragement ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ، پﺸﺘکﺎﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ The hikers persevered despite the bad weather and the icy trail. She persevered with her violin lessons. Parts of speech ØPerseverance (n) پﺎیﺪﺍﺭی ، پﺸﺘکﺎﺭ ، ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺖ She showed great perseverance in the face of difficulty. ØPersevering (adj) ﻣﺼﺮ ، ﺑﺎ پﺸﺘکﺎﺭ A few preserving climbers finally reached the top of the mountain. Hiker (n) ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ پیﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﻭی ﺩﺍﺭﺩ � Despite (prep) ﻋﻠیﺮﻏﻢ in spite of � Trail (n) ﻣﺴیﺮ � Reach (v) ﺭﺳیﺪﻥ � Difficulty (n) ﻣﺸکﻞ � ﺷﺨﺼی کﻪ
Plunge (v) to make sb/sth move forward or downward: to decrease sharply کﺎﻫﺶ پیﺪﺍ کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ یﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ پﺎییﻦ ، ﺷیﺮﺟﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ پﺮﺗﺎﺏ کﺮﺩﻥ � He jumped off the diving board and plunged into the pool. � The value of the company’s stock plunged after its chief executive was arrested. � Stock markets plunged at the news of coup. Parts of speech � Plunge (n) کﺎﻫﺶ There is a sharp plunge in the stock markets. Diving board ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﻨﺎ Executive (n) ﻣﺪیﺮ ﺍﺟﺮﺍیی Coup (n) کﻮﺩﺗﺎ Stock market ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ
Unleash (v)To release a thing or an emotion ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ، )ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ( ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﻗﻼﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯ کﺮﺩﻥ ( )ﺳگ When they saw the strange man on their property, they unleashed their dogs. He is from such an unemotional family, he will never learn to unleash his feelings. Strange (adj) ����� Property (n) ��� Unemotional (adj)��� ������ �� Feelings �������
LESSON 3 Evolution ﺗکﺎﻣﻞ and Migration ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ
Adapt (v) To adjust to the circumstances; to make suitable, modify، ﺳﺎﺯگﺎﺭ کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﻭﻓﻖ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ Dinosaurs could not adapt to the warmer temperatures. The teacher adapted the exercises for his more advanced students. Parts of speech ØAdaptation (n) ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ، ﺗﻄﺒیﻖ ، ﺳﺎﺯگﺎﺭی We have been studying the adaptation of species to hot conditions. Adapter (n) آﺪﺍپﺘﻮﺭ ، ﻣﺒﺪﻝ Adaptable (adj) ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻄﺒیﻖ ، ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ پﺬیﺮ Successful businesses are highly adaptable to economic change. Adaptability (n) ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ پﺬیﺮی ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠیﺖ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ Adaptability of some animals to new situation is amazing.
Diverse (adj) Various; showing a lot of differences within a group ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ، ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world. My interests are very diverse. Parts of speech Diversify (v) ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﺨﺸیﺪﻥ branch out Farmers are being encouraged to diversify into new crops. The culture has been diversified with the arrival of immigrants. Diversity ( n) گﻮﻧﺎ گﻮﻧی ، ﺗﻨﻮﻉ variety There is a need for diversity and choice in education. Diversification( n) ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﺨﺸی Growers should start planning diversification of crops.
Evolve (v): To develop gradually ، ﺗکﺎﻣﻞ پیﺪﺍ کﺮﺩﻥ Modern-day sharks evolved from their ancestor Eryops, which lived more than 200 million years ago. Parts of speech � Evolution (n) ﺗﻐییﺮ ﺗﺪﺭیﺠی ، ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ، ﺗکﺎﻣﻞ The evolution of human species. Darwin’s theory of evolution. In politics, Britain has preferred evolution to revolution. � Evolutionist (n) ﺗکﺎﻣﻞ گﺮﺍﻩ Ali is a evolutionist. . � Evolutionism (n) ﺗکﺎﻣﻞ گﺮﺍیی � He supports evolutionism � Evolutionary (adj)، ﺗکﺎﻣﻠی We need an evolutionary change. Shark(n) کﻮﺳﻪ � Revolution (n) ﺗﻐییﺮ ﻧﺎگﻬﺎﻧی ، ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ � Support (v) ﺣﻤﺎیﺖ کﺮﺩﻥ �
Feature (n) characteristic; something important, interesting and typical of a place or thing. ﺧﺎﺹ یک ﻣکﺎﻥ / ﺟﻠﺐ / ﻭیژگی ﻣﻬﻢ ، چیﺰ / The best feature of this car is its heated seats. An interesting feature of the city is the old market. Parts of speech Feature (v) ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻣﻬﻤی ﺍﺯ یک چیﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮیﺮ کﺸیﺪﻥ The film features Mehran Midiri as a professor. Olive oil and garlic feature prominently in his recipe. Featureless (adj) ﺑی چﻬﺮﻩ ، کﺴﻞ کﻨﻨﺪﻩ The countryside is flat and featureless. Heated (adj) ��� Olive oil ����� Garlic (n) ��� Prominently (adv) ����� /������ �� Recipe (n) ��� �����
Generation (n)A group of people born at about the same time ﻧﺴﻞ As older managers retired, a new generation of leaders took control of the company. Parts of speech Generational (adj) ﻧﺴﻠی Nowadays, we have generational conflict between parents and children. Retired (adj) ���� Take control of ����� ����� Nowadays (adv) ������
Inherent (adj) intrinsic; permanent part of something that can not be removed. ﺫﺍﺗی No job can be interesting all the time. Boredom is inherent in any kind of work. Parts of speech Inherently (adv) ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺗی An inherently unworkable system Permanent (adj) ����� Boredom (n) ���� Unworkable (adj) �����
Migration(n) Movement from one place to another by a group of people or animals ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ The migration of farm workers from one state to the next depends primarily on the harvest. Parts of speech � Migrate (v) ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ کﺮﺩﻥ Thousands are forced to migrate from rural areas to urban areas in search of work. � Migrant (n) ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ We have thousands of migrant workers in this city. � Migratory (adj) کﻮچ ﻧﺸیﻦ ، ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ State (n) ﺍیﺎﻟﺖ Depend (v) ﺑﺴﺘگی ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ Primarily (adv) ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ Rural (adj) ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎیی Area (n) ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ Urban (adj) ﺷﻬﺮی
Physical (adj) Related to the body; related to materials that can be seen or felt ﺟﺴﻤی ، ﻓیﺰیکی Because of the shape of its throat, animals do not have the physical ability to speak. The mountains form a physical barrier between the west and the east. Parts of speech � Physically (adv) ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓیﺰیکی He is physically drained. Throat (n) گﻠﻮ Form (v) ﺷکﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ Barrier (n) ﻣﺎﻧﻊ Drained (adj) ﺧﺴﺘﻪ
Process (n) A series of steps leading to a result پﺮﻭﺳﻪ To get a good job, most people go through a long process of letter writing and interviews. Parts of speech process (v) ، پﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ کﺮﺩﻥ ، ﻋﻤﻞ آﻮﺭﺩﻥ ، ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭی کﺮﺩﻥ Most of the food we eat is processed in some way. Get (v) ������ Go through (v) ������ ����� Letter writing ����� Interview (n)������ In some way ����� /���� ��
Survive (v) To continue living (despite some danger or illness) ﺟﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ، ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ After getting lost in the mountains, Gordon survived by eating wild plants and catching fish. Parts of speech � Survivor (n) ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ، ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ The plane crashed in an area of dense jungle. There were no survivors. � Survival (n) ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ، ﺑﻘﺎ His only chance of survival was a heart transplant. Get lost ��� �� Mountain (n)��� Wild (adj) ���� Dense (adj) ������ Heart transplant �����
LESSON 4 Petroleum Alternatives
constraint (n): Something that restricts thought or action � The constraints of military life kept Eileen from seeing Private Morris more than once a month. Parts of speech � constrain (v)
contamination (n): Being made less clean by a germ or hazardous substance � The contamination in the river came from the factory located just upstream. Parts of speech � contaminate (v) � contaminant (n)
deplete (v): To greatly decrease the supply of a resource or material � The prolonged war depleted the country’s national treasury. Parts of speech � depletion (n)
dispose of (v): To throw away; to get rid of; to kill � She disposed of her unwanted possessions before moving. The tyrant cruelly disposed of all his enemies. Usage tips � Dispose of should be learned as a unit. In this meaning, dispose does not occur without of. Parts of speech � disposal (n) � disposable (adj)
elementally (adv): In terms of elements; basically � Elementally, coal and diamonds are the same. Parts of speech � element n, � elemental adj
emission (n): Sending out from a small space into the general environment; a substance discharged into the air � The Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of pollutants into the air. � Usage tips � Emission is usually followed by an of phrase. � Parts of speech � emit (v)
extinction (n): Complete disappearance; the end of existence � Human beings have caused the extinction of many other species. � Usage tips � Extinction implies an absolute end; an extinct thing cannot be brought back into existence. Parts of speech � extinct adj
� reservoirn. A place where a liquid is collected and stored. Cult members threatened to poison the town’s water reservoir. Parts of speechreserve v
� shrinkv. To become reduced in size, amount, or value. If you dry your clothing on the “high heat” setting, they may shrink. Parts of speechshrinkage n, shrinkable adj
� stableadj. Firm and dependable; showing little change. He fell because the ladder wasn’t stable. Parts of speechstability n, stably adv
LESSON 5 Time Efficiency
� adjustv. To change; to get accustomed to something. Travelers are advised to adjusttheir watches before arriving in thenew time zone. Parts of speechadjustment n, adjustable adj
� arbitraryadj. Chosen simply by whim or chance, not for any specificreason. The decision to build a school in Blackberry Township was arbitrary, without any thought to future housing patterns. Parts of speecharbitrate v, arbitrator n, arbitrarily adv
� denominatorn. The number written below the line in a fraction. In the fraction 1⁄2, the number 2 is the denominator. Usage tips. The phrase lowest common denominatormeans “the mostbasic and unsophisticated things that most people share. ”Parts of speechdenominate v, denomination n, denominational adj
� exponentiallyadv. At a very fast rate. In Turkey, the value of the lira has decreased exponentiallyin thelast several decades. Usage tips. Exponentiallyis taken from mathematics, where anexponent is a number indicating how many times something ismultiplied by itself. For example, 43 contains the exponent “ 3, ”indicating 4 × 4. Parts of speechexponent n, exponential adj
� infinitesimaladj. Immeasurably small. The number of contaminants in the water was infinitesimal, so thewater was safe to drink. Parts of speechinfinitesimally adv
� maximizev. To increase or make as great as possible. A coach helps each athlete maximizehis or her potential. Parts of speechmaximum n, maximum adj
� paralleladj. Being an equal distance apart everywhere. The street where I live runs parallelto the main road through town. Usage tips. Parallelis often followed by to. Parts of speechparallel n, parallel adv
� proportionn. A part in relation to the whole. The average employee spends a large proportionof each workdayanswering e-mails. Usage tips. Proportionis often followed by of. Parts of speechproportionate adj, proportionally adv
� raten. The cost per unit of a good or service; the motion or change thathappens in a certain time. Postal ratesin Japan are among the highest in the world. � Some grasses grow at the rateof one inch per day. Parts of speechrate v, rating n
� sequencev. To organize or arrange in succession. Volunteers have been asked to sequencethe files and organize theboxes. Parts of speechsequence n, sequentially adv
LESSON 6 Ancient Life
- Slides: 71