Families in Society 2006 Alan S Berger 1

What Is a Family? • A social unit of some number of people who are linked intimately – Related in some way – Usually living together – Engaging in sex – Having responsibility for rearing children – Functioning as an economic unit 2

What is a Family • Definition of the family: shared genetic heritage, and law, meaning social recognition and affirmation of the bond – Boundaries are clear – Enables tracking of who is related to whom over time Copyright 2009 The Mc. Graw Hill Compamies 3

Types of Families • Nuclear Family: a social unit composed of a husband, a wife, and their children – Family of orientation: family to which one was born – Family of procreation: a person, spouse, and their children – Blended family: spouses and their children from former marriages live as a single nuclear family – Binuclear family: divorced parents form separate households; children divide their time with each • Extended Family – Composed of two or more generations of kin that functions as an independent social and economic unit 4

Kinship • A network of people who are related by marriage, blood, or social practice or the state of being related to others culturally learned, not necessarily determined by biological ties – Kinship is a means by which societies can socialize children and transmit culture from one generation to the next – Kinship creates complex social bonds 5

Marriage • Two individuals involved in a socially approved relationship – Intimate, mutual long-term obligations – Fulfilled customary ceremonial or legal requirements – Limits on who can marry – A legal tie, determined by state – Who can perform a marriage 6

Types of Marriage • Monogamy: form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other • Serial monogamy: when a person has several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time • Polygamy: when an individual has several husbands or wives simultaneously • Polygyny: marriage of a man to more than one wife at a time • Polyandry: marriage of a woman to more than one husband at the same time 7

Courtship and Mate Selection • Internet is new meeting place • More people marrying later • Endogamy: restriction of mate selection to people within the same group • Exogamy: requires mate selection outside certain groups, usually one’s own family or certain kin • What is the difference between dating and courting? 8

Ten Questions Couples Should Ask (or Wish They Had) Before Marrying Source: New York Times 2006. 9

Courtship • The relationship between two people who are preparing for marriage to each other – – Endogamy: people marry within their own group Exogamy: people marry outside of their own group Propinquity: people meet only when they are not apart Ethnicity and race: people tend to marry within their own groups – Values: endogamy is reinforced by cultural values 10

Courtship and Mate Selection • What are criteria for a potential mate? • Incest taboo: social norm common to virtually all societies prohibiting sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives • Homogamy: conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one’s own 11

Romantic Love • Romantic love. An important incentive to marry – Love provides a source of support – Strong commitment to each other An emotional identification between two individuals – Intense – Convinced they cannot live without each other • Not considered important for marriage until 20 th century • Other Basis for marriage? – Arranged Marriages ? • Economic Basis • Political basis – Other ? ? 12

Functions of the Family • What families do for society and for their members 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reproduction Socialization Protection Regulation of sexual behavior Affection and companionship Provision of social status 13

Authority Patterns: Who Rules? • Patriarchy: society in which men dominate in family decision making • Matriarchy: society in which women dominate in family decision making • Egalitarian family: authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals 14

Authority Patterns: Who Rules? • Historically, family has legitimized and perpetuated male dominance • Social class of parents significantly influences children’s socialization – Socioeconomic status of a child’s family will have marked influence on his or her life chances as an adult 15

Marriage and Family • Over 95 percent of U. S. men and women will marry at least once • Our social positions shape our choices when picking partners 16

Percentage of People Ages 20– 24 Ever Married, Selected Countries Source: United Nations Population Division 2005. 17

Dimensions of Marriage and Family • Residence – Norms related to where married couples should reside • • Matrilocal arrangement: kin lives with wife’s mother Patrilocal arrangement: kin lives with husband’s mother Neolocal arrangement: kin set up independent household Bilocal arrangement: each spouse maintains a separate residence 18

Dimensions of Marriage and Family • Descent – The system by which kinship is traced over generations • Patrilineal: kinship is traced through male • Matrilineal: kinship is traced through female • Bilineal: kinship is traced through both sides of the family • Power – The system by which power is assigned • Patriarchy: male has most power • Matriarchy: female has most power – Matricentric: females have some power 19

Alternative Family Forms • Serial monogamy – More than one spouse but not at same time • Single parent – Mostly result of divorce • Gay and lesbian – Legal issues debated • Cohabitation – A household without marriage • Independent living – Men or women who live alone 20

Marital Dissolution • Divorce – Dissolution of legal ties that bind a marriage – Legal separation • Couples agree to take up separate residences • Informal separation: one spouse temporarily moves out – Desertion • One spouse leaves the other for a prolonged period of time 21

Explaining Marital Dissolution • Society – Nuclear family is subject to many stresses but has limited resources – Lower social classes more vulnerable • Falling out of love – Passion yields to reality • Women’s changing roles – Less economic dependency 22

Domestic Violence • Amount – 1/5 of women abused • Class differences – Type of violence and reporting patterns • Stay or leave? – Retribution and psychological dependence • Options – Shelters and legal system • Global patterns – National tolerance level – Stress from rapid social change 23

Functionalism and the Family The Family Satisfies Common Social Functions • Socialization – Family is responsible for primary care and early learning • Birth; regulates sexual activity – Choosing mates and perpetuating population • Economic – Assigning assets – Important economic production and consumption unit • Support and comfort – Help with problems • Social placement – Children inherit status and class of parents 24

Family: Conflict Perspective • Power relationships – Men control wealth – Norms require women to do most domestic chores • Perpetuation of social inequality – Family is a model of patriarchy that dominates society 25

Family: Symbolic Interactionism • People construct their own families – No two families are alike • Family is source of major roles and identity – As new roles are learned – New concepts of reality are created 26