Fallacies Information taken from Purdue OWL Nancy Woods
![Fallacies Information taken from Purdue OWL, Nancy Wood’s Perspectives on Argument and Annette Rottenberg’s Fallacies Information taken from Purdue OWL, Nancy Wood’s Perspectives on Argument and Annette Rottenberg’s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-1.jpg)
![Logical Fallacies • Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic Logical Fallacies • Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-2.jpg)
![Slippery Slope • Taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second, usually Slippery Slope • Taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second, usually](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-3.jpg)
![Slippery Slope • Example: If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the Slippery Slope • Example: If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-4.jpg)
![Hasty Generalization • A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, Hasty Generalization • A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-5.jpg)
![Hasty Generalization • Example: Even though it's only the first day, I can tell Hasty Generalization • Example: Even though it's only the first day, I can tell](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-6.jpg)
![Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc • The arguer infers that because one event follows Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc • The arguer infers that because one event follows](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-7.jpg)
![Post Hoc • Example: A rooster crows every morning at 5. Then the sun Post Hoc • Example: A rooster crows every morning at 5. Then the sun](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-8.jpg)
![Either/Or • A conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two Either/Or • A conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-9.jpg)
![Either/Or • Example: We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth. • Either/Or • Example: We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth. •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-10.jpg)
![Ad Hominem • An attack on the character of a person rather than her/his Ad Hominem • An attack on the character of a person rather than her/his](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-11.jpg)
![Ad Hominem • Example: Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, Ad Hominem • Example: Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-12.jpg)
![Ad Populum • Makes an emotional appeal to the people rather than focus on Ad Populum • Makes an emotional appeal to the people rather than focus on](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-13.jpg)
![Ad Populum • Example: If you were a true American you would support the Ad Populum • Example: If you were a true American you would support the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-14.jpg)
![Red Herring • A diversionary tactic that avoids the key issue, often by avoiding Red Herring • A diversionary tactic that avoids the key issue, often by avoiding](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-15.jpg)
![Red Herring • Example: The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but Red Herring • Example: The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-16.jpg)
![Faulty Use of Authority • The attempt to strengthen a claim by citing the Faulty Use of Authority • The attempt to strengthen a claim by citing the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-17.jpg)
![Faulty Use of Authority • Example: A used car salesman tells you that you Faulty Use of Authority • Example: A used car salesman tells you that you](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-18.jpg)
![Begging the Question • Assumes the question being argued has already been proved. It Begging the Question • Assumes the question being argued has already been proved. It](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-19.jpg)
![Begging the Question • Women should not be permitted to join men’s clubs because Begging the Question • Women should not be permitted to join men’s clubs because](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-20.jpg)
![Appeal to Tradition • Since something has existed for a long time and has Appeal to Tradition • Since something has existed for a long time and has](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-21.jpg)
![Bandwagon Appeal • Everyone is doing it, so you should too. Bandwagon Appeal • Everyone is doing it, so you should too.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-22.jpg)
- Slides: 22
![Fallacies Information taken from Purdue OWL Nancy Woods Perspectives on Argument and Annette Rottenbergs Fallacies Information taken from Purdue OWL, Nancy Wood’s Perspectives on Argument and Annette Rottenberg’s](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-1.jpg)
Fallacies Information taken from Purdue OWL, Nancy Wood’s Perspectives on Argument and Annette Rottenberg’s Elements of Argument
![Logical Fallacies Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic Logical Fallacies • Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-2.jpg)
Logical Fallacies • Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. • Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim. • Avoid fallacies in your arguments.
![Slippery Slope Taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second usually Slippery Slope • Taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second, usually](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-3.jpg)
Slippery Slope • Taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second, usually undesirable step.
![Slippery Slope Example If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the Slippery Slope • Example: If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-4.jpg)
Slippery Slope • Example: If we ban Hummers because they are bad for the environment eventually the government will ban all cars, so we should not ban Hummers. • In this example the author is equating banning Hummers with banning all cars, which is not the same thing.
![Hasty Generalization A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence In other words Hasty Generalization • A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-5.jpg)
Hasty Generalization • A conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. In other words, you are rushing to a conclusion before you have all the relevant facts.
![Hasty Generalization Example Even though its only the first day I can tell Hasty Generalization • Example: Even though it's only the first day, I can tell](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-6.jpg)
Hasty Generalization • Example: Even though it's only the first day, I can tell this is going to be a boring course. • In this example, the author is basing their evaluation of the entire course on only one class. To make a fair and reasonable evaluation the author must attend several classes, and possibly even examine the textbook, talk to the professor, or talk to others who have previously finished the course in order to have sufficient evidence.
![Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc The arguer infers that because one event follows Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc • The arguer infers that because one event follows](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-7.jpg)
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc • The arguer infers that because one event follows another event, the first event must be the cause of the second event.
![Post Hoc Example A rooster crows every morning at 5 Then the sun Post Hoc • Example: A rooster crows every morning at 5. Then the sun](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-8.jpg)
Post Hoc • Example: A rooster crows every morning at 5. Then the sun rises. It is assumed that the rooster’s crowing causes the sun to rise.
![EitherOr A conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two Either/Or • A conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-9.jpg)
Either/Or • A conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides or choices.
![EitherOr Example We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth Either/Or • Example: We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth. •](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-10.jpg)
Either/Or • Example: We can either stop using cars or destroy the earth. • In this example two choices are presented as the only options. The author ignores a range of choices in between such as developing cleaner technology, car sharing systems for necessities and emergencies, or better community planning to discourage daily driving.
![Ad Hominem An attack on the character of a person rather than herhis Ad Hominem • An attack on the character of a person rather than her/his](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-11.jpg)
Ad Hominem • An attack on the character of a person rather than her/his opinions or arguments. • This type of fallacy is often seen in elections.
![Ad Hominem Example Green Peaces strategies arent effective because they are all dirty Ad Hominem • Example: Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-12.jpg)
Ad Hominem • Example: Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty, lazy hippies. • In this example the author doesn't even name particular strategies Green Peace has suggested, much less evaluate those strategies on their merits. Instead, the author attacks the characters of the individuals in the group.
![Ad Populum Makes an emotional appeal to the people rather than focus on Ad Populum • Makes an emotional appeal to the people rather than focus on](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-13.jpg)
Ad Populum • Makes an emotional appeal to the people rather than focus on the real issue. • Appeal to patriotism in advertisements after 9/11
![Ad Populum Example If you were a true American you would support the Ad Populum • Example: If you were a true American you would support the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-14.jpg)
Ad Populum • Example: If you were a true American you would support the rights of people to choose whatever vehicle they want. • In this example the author equates being a "true American, " a concept that people want to be associated with, particularly in a time of war, with allowing people to buy any vehicle they want even though there is no connection between the two.
![Red Herring A diversionary tactic that avoids the key issue often by avoiding Red Herring • A diversionary tactic that avoids the key issue, often by avoiding](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-15.jpg)
Red Herring • A diversionary tactic that avoids the key issue, often by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them.
![Red Herring Example The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe but Red Herring • Example: The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-16.jpg)
Red Herring • Example: The level of mercury in seafood may be unsafe, but what will fishers do to support their families? • In this example the author switches the discussion away from the safety of the food and talks instead about an economic issue, the livelihood of those catching fish. While one issue may affect the other it does not mean we should ignore possible safety issues because of possible economic consequences to a few individuals.
![Faulty Use of Authority The attempt to strengthen a claim by citing the Faulty Use of Authority • The attempt to strengthen a claim by citing the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-17.jpg)
Faulty Use of Authority • The attempt to strengthen a claim by citing the opinion of an expert or someone who is well-known. • Celebrity spokesperson
![Faulty Use of Authority Example A used car salesman tells you that you Faulty Use of Authority • Example: A used car salesman tells you that you](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-18.jpg)
Faulty Use of Authority • Example: A used car salesman tells you that you should buy the car because he knows your neighbor.
![Begging the Question Assumes the question being argued has already been proved It Begging the Question • Assumes the question being argued has already been proved. It](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-19.jpg)
Begging the Question • Assumes the question being argued has already been proved. It avoids the real issue. The claim is simply restated.
![Begging the Question Women should not be permitted to join mens clubs because Begging the Question • Women should not be permitted to join men’s clubs because](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-20.jpg)
Begging the Question • Women should not be permitted to join men’s clubs because the clubs are for men only. • It is repeating the claim instead of giving support.
![Appeal to Tradition Since something has existed for a long time and has Appeal to Tradition • Since something has existed for a long time and has](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-21.jpg)
Appeal to Tradition • Since something has existed for a long time and has become a tradition, it should continue to exist because it is a tradition. • No other reasons are given.
![Bandwagon Appeal Everyone is doing it so you should too Bandwagon Appeal • Everyone is doing it, so you should too.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/1faf7bf9ee3519b8e30030f57e0f9b5e/image-22.jpg)
Bandwagon Appeal • Everyone is doing it, so you should too.
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