Fall Protection Falls 4 628 fatal work injuries

Fall Protection

Falls • 4, 628 fatal work injuries were recorded in the United States in 2012 • 89 deaths a week or 12 deaths every day • 806 construction related fatalities in 2012 • 279 deaths were caused by falls

Fall Protection This presentation will discuss: • Working conditions that prompt use of fall protection • Options that are available to protect workers from falls

Fall Protection At the end of this topic, you will be able to: • List at least four methods of fall protection available for protecting workers • State the main criteria that prompts use of fall protection for construction workers

Prevention • Select fall protection systems appropriate for given situations • Use proper construction and installation of safety systems • Supervise employees properly • Use safe work procedures • Train workers in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of fall protection systems

Fall Protection Options Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) Guardrails Safety Net

Definitions Body Harness: Straps which will distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders with means for attaching it to other components of a personal fall arrest system.

Definitions Guardrail System: A barrier erected to prevent employees from falling to lower levels

Definitions Personal Fall Arrest System: A system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level. • Consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body belt or body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline or suitable combinations of these. • As of Jan. 1, 1998, the use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited.

Definitions Positioning Device System: A body belt or body harness system rigged to allow an employee to be supported on an elevated vertical surface, such as a wall, and work with both hands free while leaning

Definitions Lanyard: A flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap which generally has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage.

Duty to Have Fall Protection Unprotected sides and edges: Each employee on a walking/working surface (horizontal and vertical surface) with an unprotected side or edge which is 6 ft (1. 8 m) or more above a lower level shall be protected from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety net systems or personal fall arrest systems.

Fall Protection Planning Fall protection systems and work practices must be in place before you start work

Personal Fall Arrest Systems • You must be trained how to properly use PFAS. • PFAS = anchorage, lifeline and body harness.

When Fall Protection is Needed • Walkways & ramps • Open sides & edges • Holes • Concrete forms & rebar • Excavations • Any time above 6 feet in elevation • Roofs • Wall openings • Bricklaying • Residential Construction

Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS) • No body belts for fall arrest! • Body belts for positioning systems only

Snaphooks Unless the snaphook is a locking type and designed for the following connections, snaphooks shall not be engaged: • Directly to webbing, rope or wire rope • To each other • To a D-ring which another snaphook or other connector is attached • To a horizontal lifeline

Anchorage • Anchorage means a secure point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards or deceleration devices • Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment shall be independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms and capable of supporting at least 5, 000 lbs (22. 2 kn) per employee attached

Anchorage As part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two; and under the supervision of a qualified person

Horizontal Lifelines Devices used to connect to a horizontal lifeline which could become vertical must be capable of locking in both directions on the lifeline

Connector Used to couple (connect) parts of the personal fall arrest system

Deceleration Device • Limits the energy imposed on an employee during fall arrest • Deceleration distance means the additional vertical distance a falling employee travels, excluding lifeline elongation and free fall distance, before stopping, from the point at which the deceleration device begins to operate

Free Fall Distance Free fall distance: The vertical displacement of the fall arrest attachment point on the employee's body belt or body harness between onset of the fall and just before the system begins to apply force to arrest the fall

Lanyard Cannot be made of natural fiber rope. Must be protected against damage by cuts or abrasions Each employee must be provided a separate lanyard Lanyards must have a minimum breaking strength of 5000 lbs.

PFAS Personal Fall Arrest Systems must: • Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1, 800 lbs when used with a body harness • Be rigged such that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 ft (1. 8 m), nor contact any lower level • Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance an employee travels to 3. 5 ft

Calculation of Total Fall Distance Freefall = 6 ft maximum Deceleration Distance = 3. 5 ft maximum Lifeline elongation = 2 ft maximum Total fall before stopping = 11. 5 ft Portion of body landing below attachment point approximately 5 ft 6 ft + 3. 5 ft + 2 ft + 5 ft = 16. 5 ft Total clearance below required to avoid contacting lower level may be as great as 16. 5 ft or more!

PHYSICS OF A FALL Elapsed Distance Velocity Speed Force at Time Traveled (Ft. Per Second) (MPH) Impact (Seconds) (Feet) 0. 00 0 0 0. 25 1 8 5. 5 400 0. 50 4 16 11 1, 600 0. 61 6 20 14 2, 400 0. 75 9 24 16 3, 600 16 32 22 6, 400 1. 25 25 40 27 10, 000 1. 50 36 48 33 14, 000 1. 75 49 56 38 19, 600 (LBS) Note: calculations based upon a 180 pound worker carrying 20 pounds of tools.

Distance Chart

Additional Requirements PFAS • Inspected prior to each use • Not attached to guardrail systems • At hoist areas, allow movement to edge only

Inspected Prior to Each Use ANSI A 10. 32 -2004 states the service life of fall protection equipment manufactured of synthetic fiber shall be 5 years unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer

Guardrails Top Rail Mid- Rail Toeboard • Top rails between 39 and 45 in tall • Toeboards at least 3 1/2 in high

Safety Nets Place as close as possible, but no more than 30 ft below where employees work

Sides & Edges - Improper Guarding This ¼ in nylon rope alone is not a proper way to guard this open floor

Sky Lights and Other Openings • Holes more than 6 ft high must be protected • This opening could be made safe by using a guardrail or strong cover

Floor Holes Improperly Covered • Cover completely and securely • If no cover, can guard with a guardrail

Concrete Forms and Rebar • Use PFAS when working on formwork or rebar • Cover or cap protruding rebar

Good Work Practices • Perform work at ground level if possible • Tether or restrain workers so they can't reach the edge • Use guardrail systems • Use conventional fall protection

Training Employers must provide fall protection training The training is to teach you: • How to recognize hazards • How to minimize hazards The training must cover: • Fall hazards • Fall protection systems • Use of fall protection devices

Summary If you can fall more than 6 feet, you must be protected • Use fall protection on: • walkways, ramps, open sides and edges, holes, concrete forms and rebar, excavations, roofs, wall openings, bricklaying and residential construction • Protective measures include guardrails, covers, safety nets, and Personal Fall Arrest Systems