Fall FINAL EXAM REVIEW Semester Final Exam LAYOUT

Fall FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Semester Final Exam LAYOUT • 100 m/c questions • 70 minutes – Just like a real AP Exam! M/C-75% of 20% Essay-25% of 20% • All old AP Psych test questions! • Study vocab/big ideas for each unit! SCHEDULE WED. 12 -17 THURS. 12 -18 FRI. 12 -19 7: 25 -8: 35 0 2 6 8: 45 -9: 55 1 3 7 10: 0511: 15 4 5 11: 2512: 35 Make Ups Library Lec Hall 117 - Review Sessions… Mon after school & Tues before

AP Psychology 1 st Semester 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Unit 1 History & Perspectives Unit 2/Research Methods Unit 3/The Brain Unit 4/Sensation & Perception Unit 5/States of Consciousness Unit 6/Learning Unit 7/Cognition (Memory, Thinking & Lang. )

Schools of Psychology Biological Evolutionary Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Behavioral (Learning) Cognitive Humanistic Socio-cultural How would EACH school explain why the elves are so depressed on 12/26?

Research Methods List the pros & cons for each…. . • Case Study • Survey • Naturalistic Observation • Experimentation

Research Methods • Be able to use ALL vocabulary related to experimentation! PRACTICE with this hypothesis: Energy drinks increase elves’ gift wrapping speed. • independent & • random assignment • control procedures dependent variables • experimenter bias & • statistical significance • descriptive & subject bias • operational • confounding variables inferential statistics definitions • APA Ethical Guidelines • correlation vs. • experimental & experiment control groups • single/double blind • population • placebo • random sample

1. APA Ethical Guidelines… Obtain Informed Consent: • a participant understands what is involved to participate in an experiment & can make a clear decision on whether or not to participate 2. Slight Deception okay: WHY? ! • not being completely honest during an experiment for the purpose of gathering needed information • If experimenter reveals everything, the participant may show a bias

APA Ethical Guidelines… 3. Protect participants from harm & discomfort 4. Usually ethics committees will screen experiments first to ensure they are ethical Review Board 5. Confidentiality/Anonymity 6. Debrief participants: At the end of the experiment, the researcher explains the purpose of the study, explains any deception used, answers questions, etc.

1. Population 2. Random Sample Representative Sample 3. Random Assign

Name the Correlation!

Statistics Measures of Central Tendency (what are they, what do they tell us, how calculate? Measures of Variation (what are they, what do they tell us, how calculate-even the hard one!) Correlation (How graphically shown? R? What does this value mean? )

Measures of Central Tendency Mean: The arithmetic average of scores in a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores that were added together. Median: The middle score in a rank-ordered distribution. Mode: The most frequently occurring score in a distribution. #1 -4

Measures of Variation (How much scores differ from each other) Range: The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution (SUBTRACT). Variance: How spread out are data points from mean? . . . need to calculate using formula Standard Deviation: A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean. (Square root of the variance. ) Stand. Dev. *MEASURES the AVERAGE Error in our SAMPLE!

Are these NORMAL distributions? +skew: Scores pull the mean towards the higher end of the score – mean is more positive then rest of the scores -skew: Occurs when the mean is being pulled down toward the lower end of the scores

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Statistical Significance P <. 05 = statistically significant * Anything that is statistically significant means that the “treatment” worked; the event that occurred was most likely NOT due to chance– the change in the dependent variable resulted because of the independent variable!

Brain • • • Nature vs. Nurture? Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Parts of brain: Hypothalamus • Hind-Olde. St Hippocampus • Mid-Limbic Pons • Fore-FRonta. L Medulla Thalamus • Neuron • Neural Transmission Corpus Callosum • Action potential Association Areas • Process? 4 lobes • What is the purpose of Reticular Formation neural communication?

Parts of Neuron Axon, Dendrite, Glial cells, soma, axon terminals, synapse, vesicles, receptor sites, neurotransmitters sodium/potassium pumps, selectively permeable gates, +/- ions, myelin sheath Process of Neural Transmission Reuptake, depolarization, threshold, excitatory, inhibitory, agonist, antagonist, refractory period, action potential, repolarization Rules of Neural Transmission All or Nothing response, Direction of impulse, Strength/speed of impulse Neurotransmitters SNAGGED: Serotonin, Norepinephrine, ACh-Acetycholine, GABA, Glutamate, Endorphins, Dopamine, Excitatory or Inhibitory, Deficit or Surplus? Nervous Systems Central, Peripheral, Somatic, Autonomic, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic, What is a reflex? Brain Scans EEG, CT, MRI, f. MRI, PET, MEG Endocrine System Pituitary Gland, Hormones, Thyroid/Parathyroid, Gonads, Adrenal Glands, Pancreas Brain Lobes Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital Other Brain Divisions Cerebral Cortex vs. Limbic System vs. Brain Stem vs. Left & Right Hemispheres Brain Stem Structures Brain Stem, Cerebellum, Thalamus (stop of stem), Pons, Medulla, Reticular Formation, Parts in Limbic System Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Different Cortices Prefrontal cortex, visual, auditory, motor, sensory, gustation, olfactory Types of Neurons (SAME) Sensory (Afferent); Motor (Efferent), Interneurons, Mirror (SAME) Different Brain Structures Basal Ganglia, Angular Gyrus, Association Areas, Broca’s Area, Corpus Callosum, Wernicke's Area, “Gray” matter; “White” matter; contilateral organization, stroke, concussion, dual processing Important Names/Researchers James Olds (1954), Twins, Rosenzweig, Phineas Gage, Sperry/Gazzaniga, Split-Brain Joe 3 C Nature vs. nurture, DNA, genome, genes, heredity/heritability twins, temperament, predisposition, evolutionary psychology, natural selection, Unit #3 A, B, C

Brain Scans • Name of technology? • What is it good at detecting?

CAT Scan (Computerized Axial Tomography)

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

PET Scan (Positron Emission Topography)

f. MRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging )

EEG

Agonist vs. Antagonist Neurotransmitters

Nervous Systems…how many?

Nervous Systems…how many?

The Nervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system. Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Two parts

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 1. ) Sympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (i. e. , heartbeat, digestion)…try’s to help and gets us ready for action…to ACE the final! (AP Psych test! )

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 2. ) Parasympathetic Nervous System: Division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy. Good news – Stress ends (test will be okay) as parasympathetic produces opposite effects. Every day situations work together to keep you in a steady state! YEAH!

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic NS “Arouses” (fight-or-flight) Parasympathetic NS “Calms” (rest and digest)

The Endocrine System is the body’s “slow” chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands.

Hormones Endocrine System • Why is this called the “slow” messenger system? • Master gland? • Fight or Flight?

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION! • Color Vision • Rods vs. cones • Trichomatic (Young-Helm. Holtz Theory) • vs. opponent process theories • Kinesthesis Review all • Pain - Gate control theory major • Vestibular Sense vocabulary • Sensation vs. Perception • Olfaction vs. Gustation • Gestalt Rules • Binocular vs. monocular cues • Thresholds

The Eye Vitreous Humor

The Eye Contains visual sensory receptors Hole that allows light to enter eye Focuses light on the retina Contains most of the eyes cones Colored muscle that controls (pupil) how much light enters, eye Transparent outer cover of eye Clear gel fills eye Vitreous Humor Where optic nerve leaves eye…no receptors here

‘HAS’=Ossicles (Tympanic Membrane)

‘HAS’=Ossicles (Tympanic Membrane)

Eyes and Ears… (ossicles)

Gestalt Grouping • Group nearby figures together • Perceive smooth continuous patterns • Semicircles or 2 lines? • Group similar figures together • Do NOT see rows of dissimilar shapes! • Perceive 3 single units

• Define perception • Figure-Ground • Define Gestalt Grouping • Gestalt Grouping (5) 1. Proximity 2. Continuity 3. Similarity 4. Connectedness 5. Closure • Depth Perception – Visual Cliff Binocular Cues (2) 1. Retinal Disparity 2. Convergence Monocular Cues (8) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Relative Height Light & Shadow Relative Size Interposition Linear Perspective Textile Gradient Relative Clarity Relative Motion Phi Phenomenon Stroboscopic Movement

Sleep: • Stages • Cycle • Without time cues? • Why we need/deprivation • Disorders Dreams • Do we have to dream? • Dream Theories? • Paradoxical Sleep? Attention: • Selective Attention • Change Blindness • Inattentional Blindness Drugs: • Hallucinogens • Stimulants • Depressants • Opiates

WAVES -- Review • • Awake and Alert BETA Awake and Relaxed ALPHA Stage 1 THETA Stage 2 THETA Beth – A&A Ate –A&R Stage 3 DELTA Tacos-(1 -2) During (3 -4) Stage 4 DELTA Breakfast (REM) REM BETA 47

1. Wish Fulfillment: Freud distinguished between a dream’s manifest content, the surface story that the dreamer reports, and its latent content , which is its disguised psychological meaning. 2. Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day’s experiences in our memories. (have issue, during the day dream about how to handle process) 3. Physiological Function: Dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing; therefore, they need more sleep. 4. Cognitive Development: Some researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development. (*Similar to Physiological Function) 5. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity.

NT Effected Agonist or Antagonist Drug Type LSD Hallucinogen Serotonin Agonist Cocaine Stimulant Dopamine Antagonist Ecstasy Stimulant Heroin Depressant & Opiate Marijuana Mild hallucinogen Serotonin Dopamine Agonist Antagonist Agonist Other important information… serotonin Binds to _______ receptor sites. dopamine Cocaine blocks the ______ transports. Reuptake cannot occur. serotonin Excess ______ becomes trapped in the synapse, binding over and over…cell is over stimulated. Meth Stimulant Dopamine GABA Alcohol Depressant Glutamate Agonist Heroin is blocking ALL NT’s and dopamine _________ is released constantly without inhibition after use. Dopamine _______ released without inhibition agonist THC is ______ for own natural cannabinoid receptor. Through reuptake extra Meth is taken in by the synaptic gap and vesicles… Acts better to the drug than normal NT! Taking in drug NOT NT! GABA _______ is inhibitory – keeps cells from firing *Alcohol increases the inhibitory effects/sedative Glutamate _______ is excitatory – encourages cells to fire Glutamate *Alcohol binds to the receptor sites blocking _______ from binding to its own receptor sites, cells can’t get excited! LSD & Ecstasy-only drugs to have “S” in name. . . Serotonin is effected!

LEARNING… Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Be sure to know all related vocabulary for the types of learning! Observational or Social Learning

Types of Learning Classical Conditioning • forms an association between 2 stimuli and expect a result. • Pavlov’s dogs did NOT choose to salivate. • natural, automatic and biological Operant Conditioning Observational Learning • The animal/ person makes a choice about what it does. • Consequences can be good or bad. • Learning that takes place by watching another model a task

For example…. • • • Acquisition Generalization Discrimination Extinction Spontaneous Recovery • TIMING FOR CLASSICAL?

Review • UCS UCR • CS CR • Can you give an example? • • • Acquisition Discrimination Generalization Extinction Spontaneous Recovery • Use in an example! • Ivan Pavlov • John Watson & Little Albert

Positive Reinforcement • $ for grades, reinforce something positive – adding stimulus • Something is ADDED • Behavior is reinforced Negative Reinforcement • Negative Reinforcement (seatbelt, eliminate bad stimulus) • Something is REMOVED • Behavior is reinforced Negative Punishment ALL • Taking away (-) a stimulus in • Adding (+) a stimulus in order to weaken a behavior TOGETHER administer and unfavorable Positive Punishment administer and unfavorable stimulus • time-out; revoke driver’s • something is given, license, you want license spanking, parking ticket

Summary of Schedules § Fixed-Ratio Schedule: Set # of correct responses must be given before you are rewarded ( Buy 2, get 1 free, ratio/no time)Causes fast responding as people realize how often they are going to be reinforced § Fixed-Interval Schedule: The 1 st correct response after a set amount of time is rewarded (paid every 2 weeks, bus schedules, TIME associated) § Variable Ratio Schedule: The # of correct responses required for a reward is random , highly resistant to extinction (Gambling, lottery, online dating) § Variable-Interval Schedule: Rewarded after a random time period (pop quizzes/if you study, waiting for thunderstorm)

Sales Gambling Pay check Same-every 2 weeks Pop quiz, thunderstorm, Mr. Keeley

How are these reinforced? § Door-to-door sales people. § Variable-Ratio § Mary checking the oven every 10 minutes to see if the cookies are done § Fixed-Interval § After obtaining 50 coins in Mario Bros, you receive 1 extra Mario “life. ” § Fixed-Ratio § Waiting for a comet in the sky. § Variable-Interval

Memory Cognition Language Phoneme, morpheme, grammar, syntax, semantics Encoding Problem solving strategies Storage Obstacles to problem Development of solving language Retrieval Using & misusing heuristics Theories of language development Forgetting Study VOCAB---lots on this! But it is FRESH so that’s a good thing!

PEOPLE Pavlov Freud Skinner Maslow/Rogers Olds Watson Ebbinghaus Sperry Hilgard Milgram Bandura Phineas Gage Loftus Simons Garcia Young/Helmholtz Wundt Darwin Fechner Dement Wearing

PEOPLE Pavlov Freud Skinner Maslow/Rogers Olds Watson Ebbinghaus Sperry Hilgard Milgram Bandura Phineas Gage Loftus Simons Garcia Young/Helmholtz Wundt Darwin Fechner Dement Wearing

1. According to one theory of psychology, many people have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behaviors have proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. This belief is consistent with which of the following models? (a) Behavioral (b) Biological (c) Cognitive (d) Psychodynamic (e) Sociocultural

2. Malia is 10 years of age, and her grandmother, Anna Rosa, is 60 years old. Which statement is likely to be true concerning their sleep patterns? (a) Anna Rosa is more likely than Malia to have night terrors. (b) Anna Rosa sleeps fewer hours per day than Malia does. (c) Anna Rosa spends more of her sleep time in deep sleep than Malia does. (d) Anna Rosa spends more of the night dreaming than Malia does. (e) Anna Rosa and Malia have the same sleep patterns.

3. People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates (a) parapsychology (b) complementary afterimages (c) perceptual constancy (d) perceptual adaptation (e) top-down processing

4. Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems? (a) Aphasia (b) Increased aggression (c) A loss of vision (d) A loss of motor coordination (e) A change in personality

5. Which of the following best describes the graph below? (a) Histogram (b) Frequency polygon (c) Normal distribution (d) Positively skewed distribution (e) Negatively skewed distribution

6. A test that is valid must (a) have scores that fit a normal curve (b) be reliable (c) be normed on a random sample (d) predict future behavior (e) reveal important information

7. Emiko’s cat often meows for food. Emiko decides to eliminate the behavior by feeding the cat only when it does not meow. Over the next few weeks, she sometimes ignores the cat when it meows. Other times, she feeds the cat when it meows. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction to make about the cat’s meowing for food? (a) It will disappear due to extinction. (b) It will decrease overall but not extinguish. (c) It will remain unchanged due to a continuous schedule of reinforcement. (d) It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement. (e) It will increase due to positive punishment.

8. Which of the following concepts refers to the structure and organization of a sentence? (a) Phoneme (b) Morpheme (c) Syntax (d) Semantics (e) Lexicon

9. The overjustification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of (a) set point theory (b) framing (c) locus of control theory (d) intrinsic motivation (e) extrinsic motivation

10. Matthew’s parents are physicists, and so are the parents of several of his best friends. Therefore, Matthew believes that many people are employed as physicists. Matthew’s reasoning is based on (a) the availability heuristic (b) the conjunction fallacy (c) the representativeness heuristic (d) risky decision making (e) a mental set

11. Introspection, a research tool used by early psychologists, is a technique which involves (a) correlational analyses (b) machines designed for cognitive analysis (c) survey methodology (d) self-examination of mental processes (e) teaching participants to multitask

12. The right occipital lobe receives visual information from the (a) entire retina of the left eye (b) entire retina of the right eye (c) entire retina of both eyes (d) left half of both retinas (e) right half of both retinas