Fair Information Practice Principles and Privacy Laws Week

Fair Information Practice Principles and Privacy Laws Week 3 - September 14, 16 Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 1

Research and Communication Skills CMU Libraries (http: //www. library. cmu. edu) n Engineering and Science (a. k. a. E&S) « Location: 4 th floor, Wean Hall « Subjects: Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics, Physics, Science, Technology n Hunt (CMU’s main library) « Location: its own building (possibly 2 nd ugliest on campus behind Wean), between Tepper and Baker « Subjects: Arts, Business, Humanities, Social Sciences n Software Engineering Institute (a. k. a. SEI) « Location: 4500 5 th Avenue « Subjects: “Security, Software, Technology” Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 2

Research and Communication Skills Coolest Thing in CMU Libraries n Posner Memorial Collection at Posner Center «Rare books «Early prints of famous works «Original copy of the Bill of Rights – WOW! Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 3

Research and Communication Skills START HERE: Cameo n Cameo is CMU’s online library catalog n Catalogs everything CMU has – books, journals, periodicals, multimedia, etc. n Search Cameo online at http: //cameo. library. cmu. edu Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 4

Research and Communication Skills If it’s not in Cameo, but you need it today: Local Libraries n Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh http: //www. carnegielibrary. org/index. ht ml n University of Pittsburgh Libraries http: //pittcat. pitt. edu/ Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 5

Research and Communication Skills If it’s not in Cameo, and you can wait: ILLiad and E-ZBorrow n ILLiad and E-ZBorrow are catalogs of resources available for Interlibrary Loan from other libraries nationwide (ILLiad) and in Pennsylvania (E-ZBorrow) n Order items online (almost always free) n Wait for delivery – average 10 business days n Find links to ILLiad and E-ZBorrow online catalogs at http: //www. library. cmu. edu/Services/ILL/ Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 6

Research and Communication Skills Special needs: Other Useful Databases n Links to these and many more databases available at http: //www. library. cmu. edu/Search/AZ. ht ml n Lexis-Nexis «Massive catalog of legal sources – law journals, case law, news stories, etc. n IEEE and ACM journal databases «IEEE Xplore and ACM Digital Library n INSPEC database «Huge database of scientific and technical papers Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 7

Research and Communication Skills And of course… n Reference librarians are available at all CMU libraries, and love to help people find what they need – just ask! Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 8

Research and Communication Skills Writing a literature review n What is a literature review? « A critical summary of what has been published on a topic • What is already known about the topic • Strengths and weaknesses of previous studies « Often part of the introduction or a section of a research paper, proposal, or thesis n A literature review should « be organized around and related directly to thesis or research question you are developing « synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known « identify areas of controversy in the literature « formulate questions that need further research Dena Taylor and Margaret Procter. 2004. The literature review: A few tips on conducting it. http: //www. utoronto. ca/writing/litrev. html Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 9

Research and Communication Skills Literature review do’s and don’ts n Don’t create a list of article summaries or quotes n Do point out what is most relevant about each article to your paper n Do compare and contrast the articles you review n Do highlight controversies raised or questions left unanswered by the articles you review n Do take a look at some examples of literature reviews or related work sections before you try to create one yourself « For an example, of a literature review in a CS conference paper see section 2 of http: //cs 1. cs. nyu. edu/~waldman/publius/paper. html Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 10

OECD fair information principles http: //www. datenschutzberlin. de/gesetze/internat/ben. htm n Collection limitation n Data quality n Purpose specification n Use limitation n Security safeguards n Openness n Individual participation n Accountability Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 11

US FTC simplified principles n Notice and disclosure n Choice and consent n Data security n Data quality and access n Recourse and remedies US Federal Trade Commission, Privacy Online: A Report to Congress (June 1998), http: //www. ftc. gov/reports/privacy 3/ Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 12

Privacy laws around the world n Privacy laws and regulations vary widely throughout the world n US has mostly sector-specific laws, with relatively minimal protections « Federal Trade Commission has jurisdiction over fraud and deceptive practices « Federal Communications Commission regulates telecommunications n European Data Protection Directive requires all European Union countries to adopt similar comprehensive privacy laws that recognize privacy as fundamental human right « Privacy commissions in each country (some countries have national and state commissions) « Many European companies non-compliant with privacy laws (2002 study found majority of UK web sites non-compliant) Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 13

US law basics n Constitutional law governs the rights of individuals with respect to the government n Tort law governs disputes between private individuals or other private entities Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 14

US Constitution n No explicit privacy right, but a zone of privacy recognized in its penumbras, including « 1 st amendment (right of association) « 3 rd amendment (prohibits quartering of soldiers in homes) « 4 th amendment (prohibits unreasonable search and seizure) « 5 th amendment (no self-incrimination) « 9 th amendment (all other rights retained by the people) n Penumbra: “fringe at the edge of a deep shadow create by an object standing in the light” (Smith 2000, p. 258, citing Justice William O. Douglas in Griswold v. Connecticut) Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 15

Federal statutes and state laws n Federal statutes «Tend to be narrowly focused n State law «State constitutions may recognize explicit right to privacy (Georgia, Hawaii) «State statutes and common (tort) law «Local laws and regulations (for example: ordinances on soliciting anonymously) Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 16

Four aspects of privacy tort n You can sue for damages for the following torts (Smith 2000, p. 232 -233) «Disclosure of truly intimate facts • May be truthful • Disclosure must be widespread, and offensive or objectionable to a person of ordinary sensibilities • Must not be newsworthy or legitimate public interest «False light • Personal information or picture published out of context «Misappropriation (or right of publicity) • Commercial use of name or face without permission «Intrusion into a person’s solitude Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 17

How does the law regulate privacy? n Law may require waiving privacy interests n Law may enforce privacy interests n Typically, the law identifies relevant privacy interests to protect, identifies relevant interests supporting disclosure, and tries to balance both sets of issues in a single resolution Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 18

Difficult legal problems n Can an individual “own” (and therefore sell) his or her own privacy rights? n Should the default assumption be “protect the privacy interest” or “compel waiver of the privacy interest”? n When should the law defer to informal or social norms, or to technological barriers or solutions? Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 19

Some US privacy laws n Bank Secrecy Act, 1970 n Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1971 n Privacy Act, 1974 n Right to Financial Privacy Act, 1978 n Cable TV Privacy Act, 1984 n Video Privacy Protection Act, 1988 n Family Educational Right to Privacy Act, 1993 n Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 1994 n Freedom of Information Act, 1966, 1991, 1996 Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 20

US law – recent additions n HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 1996) «When implemented, will protect medical records and other individually identifiable health information n COPPA (Children‘s Online Privacy Protection Act, 1998) «Web sites that target children must obtain parental consent before collecting personal information from children under the age of 13 n GLB (Gramm-Leach-Bliley-Act, 1999) «Requires privacy policy disclosure and opt-out mechanisms from financial service institutions Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 21

Safe harbor n Membership « US companies self-certify adherence to requirements « Dept. of Commerce maintains signatory list http: //www. export. gov/safeharbor/ « Signatories must provide • • • notice of data collected, purposes, and recipients choice of opt-out of 3 rd-party transfers, opt-in for sensitive data access rights to delete or edit inaccurate information security for storage of collected data enforcement mechanisms for individual complaints n Approved July 26, 2000 by EU « reserves right to renegotiate if remedies for EU citizens prove to be inadequate Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 22

Data protection agencies n Australia: http: //www. privacy. gov. au/ n Canada: http: //www. privcom. gc. ca/ n France: http: //www. cnil. fr/ n Germany: http: //www. bfd. bund. de/ n Hong Kong: http: //www. pco. org. hk/ n Italy: http: //www. privacy. it/ n Spain: http: //www. ag-protecciondatos. es/ n Switzerland: http: //www. edsb. ch/ n UK: http: //www. dataprotection. gov. uk/ … And many more Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 23

Administrative notes n Guest speaker next Tuesday n Project brainstorming returned today «Many interesting ideas «Please review my comments and ask questions if they are unclear «I suggested to some of you that you think of some other ideas, feel free to use the suggested project ideas n One paragraph project description due with your homework next Thursday «Please submit it on a separate sheet of paper «Do not staple it to your homework Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 24

Homework 3 Discussion n http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/hw 3. html n Questions or comments on reading n (2) Compare the US FTC's five privacy principles to the fair information practice principles in the OECD Guidelines. What's missing from the FTC principles? Are these omissions important? n (3) Pick one privacy-related court case discussed by Smith that had an outcome that you disagree with. Briefly describe the case and explain the court's ruling. Explain what aspect of privacy was at stake in this case. Explain why you disagree with the ruling. If the case were brought today, would you expect a different outcome? Why or why not? n (4) Privacy laws you researched Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 25

Homework 4 n http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/hw 4. html Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2004 • Lorrie Cranor • http: //lorrie. cranor. org/courses/fa 04/ 26