Faculty of Geography Lomonosov Moscow State University RussianMongolian

Faculty of Geography Lomonosov Moscow State University Russian-Mongolian biological expedition RAS-MAS Institute of Geography, Mongolian Academy of Sciences Baikal Institute of nature management Stockholm University Water and sediment fluxes in transboundary Selenga river basin Sergey Chalov Ekaterina Belozerova Ivan Nikolaev

Transboundary rivers of Russia Finland Foreign parts of Russian transboundary rivers Estonia Ukraine Azerbaidjan Kazahstan China Mongolia Selenga-Baikal drainage area case study China

Research scope 1. Data base on contemporary hydrological and environmental status of Selenga basin rivers and its links to Baikal lake status WHY? 2. WHAT? Hot spots assessment 3. Assessment of water, tracer and pollution spreading along HOW? transboundary Selenga river 4. Status and modeling of watershed reaction on human impact River network Delta Lake Baikal

Field campaigns 2011 -2012 2011 field campaign (July-August) 2012 field campaign (June)

Flow measurements Suspended and bed load measurements Geochemical studies Vertical compose suspended sediments determination River valley tacheometrical survey

Principal approach to field campaigns Suspended load Water fluxes Bed load Bed deposits

Hydrological conditions over Mongolia Surface water resources, km 3 Precipitation total km 3 Surface water runoff (km 3) and annual SSC (mg/l) Kharaa basin Batsukh et. al, 2008

Hydrological conditions over Russia (by Potemkina, 2011) Q 1 3 2 Q – water discharge 1 – average for 5 years R R – suspended sediment load 2 – average for 5 years 3 – linear trends

Hydrological conditions 2012 2011

Human impacts: pollution and water consumption Sectors that use water and associated total water use (million m 3) 1. Drinking water supply 71. 35 2. Agricultural water Livestock 71. 00 Crop irrigation 52. 28 3. Exploitation industry Extractive mining industry 35. 8 Industrial water supply, Energy production, 93. 8 Energy production, Power plants 27. 6 Hydro Power Plant 80. 0 3. Tourism water supply (excl. spa resorts) 1. 68 4. Green area 0. 27 Total: 433. 78 Batsukh et. al, 2008

Climate-induced drivers of water and pollutants dynamics Precipitation, mm discharge, m 3/s river (June 2012) Orkhon June 2012 Orkhon river (July 2011)

Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) assessment (2011) km

Suspended sediment grain size

Organic matter content < 0, 01

Settling suspended sediments Settling rate С, g/(m²hour) Suspended sediment load R, kg/s Vertical sediment flux Rz, kg/s Rz/R, % Human impact Site Description SSC, g/m 3 T 1 Tuul river 20 km upstream from Ulaanbaatar 1. 68 6. 38 0. 050 0. 00003 0. 06 low T 2 Tuul river 1 km upstream from Ulaanbaatar 8. 36 87. 5 0. 22 0. 00028 0. 13 average T 5 Tuul river upstream from Zaamar 107 2048 3. 56 0. 027 0. 75 average 289 1364 8. 22 0. 017 0. 21 high 1699 2675 204 0. 102 0. 05 average T 6 O 2 Tuul river downstream from Zaamar Orkhon river upstream from the confluence with Tamir river S 1 Selenga river near Hutyk village 114 465 20. 026 0. 13 low HR 2 Khaara river 2 km upstream from the road “Darkhan-Ulaanbaatar” 6. 37 12. 60 0. 044 0. 00005 0. 10 average

Contribution of storm events 1 – water levels 2 - suspended sediment load 3 – grain size

Storm events signatures in sediment transport As As, g/m³ 50. 000 45. 000 40. 000 35. 000 30. 000 25. 000 20. 000 15. 000 10. 000 5. 000 0. 000 : 02 5 1 1 7/ /0 28 2 7: 0 1 1 0 9/ / 28 2 : 02 1 7/ /1 07 : 0 15 2 2 7 11 9/ 2 : 02 1 7/ 1 / 07 : 0 15 0 0/ 3 1 7/ 3 mg-kg 7 11 0 0/ mg-l Ag Ag, g/m³ 0. 090 0. 080 0. 070 0. 060 0. 050 0. 040 0. 030 0. 020 0. 010 0. 000 : 02 5 1 1 7/ /0 28 / 28 2 7: 0 1 1 /1 7 0 2 2 : 02 1 7/ 0 9/ : 0 15 2 0 0/ : 0 15 2 3 mg-kg : 02 1 7/ 1 / 07 9/ 7 11 3 mg-l 1 7/ 0 0/ 7 11

Sediment budget calculations for Selenga river basin Grain size Tuul river Orkon river, middle 7, 3 (3, 2 %) 237, 8 (9, 7 %) 265 (19, 5 %) 302, 3 (26, 3 %) 210, 3 (92, 9 %) 1869, 6 (76 %) 1048 (76, 7 %) 720, 9 (62, 7 %) Clay < 0, 001 мм) 8, 8 (3, 88 %) 352, 2 (14, 3 %) 51, 7 (3, 79 %) 125, 8 (10, 95 %) Total t/day (100%) 226, 4 2460 1365 1149 Sandy (>0, 05 мм) Silt 0, 001 – 0, 05 мм Orkon river, low Selenga Calculation of sediment load for various grain size classes

17. 08. 2011 Sediment delivery into Baikal lake: Remote sensing application 16. 10. 2011

ntribution of channel erosion

Contribution of channel erosion: Tuul river 1894444 t/year is up to 90% of total sediment yield 1 2 3 4 5 1 – channel in 1970; 2 – channel in 2006; 3 – channel deformations;

Flood at kharkhorin

Zaamar gold mining Ulaanbaator

Sediment transport modelling моделирование 1 D и 2 D modelling at the case study reaches (HEC – RAS, MIKE 2 D) Decision-support system (0 D-modelling)

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