Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning Civil

Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics ECGD 3303 Atterberg's Limits Lecture 4 Week 2 1 st Quadester 2007/2008 UP Copyrights 2007

Content • Soil Consistency • Atterberg Limits • Liquid Limit • Plastic Limit • Shrinkage Limit • Plasticity Index • Liquidity Index • Plasticity Chart

Soil Properties � Engineering Properties § Shear strength – stability of slopes, B. C of soil & earth pressure on retaining wall § Permeability - seepage through earth masses § Compressibility - settlement � Index properties �The properties of soils which are not of primary interest to the geotechnical engineer but which are indicative of the engineering properties are called index properties �Soil classification

Soil Consistency Soil consistence provides a means of describing the degree and kind of cohesion and adhesion between the soil particles as related to the resistance of the soil to deform or rupture Soil Behave Like: SOILD at very low moisture content LIQUID at very high moisture content

Soil Consistency - Atterberg Limits Depending on Moisture Content soil can be divided into: Moisture Content (w) - + 1. Solid Shrinkage Limit (SL) 2. Semi-Solid 3. Plastic 4. Liquid LI = 0 Liquidity Index (LI) LI = 1 Plastic Limit (PL) Plasticity Index (PI) = PL - LL Liquid Limit (LL)

Questions? ! 20: 00 min

Liquid Limit - Definition Liquid Limit (LL) is defined as the moisture content at which soil begins to behave as a liquid material and begins to flow (Liquid limit of a fine-grained soil gives the moisture content at which the shear strength of the soil is approximately 2. 5 k. N/m 2)

Liquid Limit - Measurement First Method Casagrande Apparatus ASTM D-4318

Liquid Limit - Measurement Liquid Limit (LL) at N = 25

Liquid Limit – Flow Index w 1=44 w 2=39 N 1=20 Flow Index N 2=30

Liquid Limit - Measurement Second Method Fall Cone Method BS 1377

Liquid Limit - Measurement Liquid Limit (LL) at d = 20 mm

Questions? ! 45: 00 min

Plastic Limit - Definition The moisture content (%) at which the soil when rolled into threads of 3. 2 mm (1/8 in) in diameter, will crumble.

Plastic Limit - Measurement First Method ASTM D-4318 PL = w% at d 3. 2 mm (1/8 in. )

Plastic Limit - Measurement Second Method Fall Cone Method BS 1377 Plastic Limit (PL) at d = 20 mm

Questions? ! 75: 00 min

Plasticity Index - Definition Plasticity Index is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil. PI = LL – PL

Plasticity Index - Definition PI (%) = 4. 12 IF (%) PI (%) = 0. 74 IFC (%) Question!! Which PI is more reasonable for construction projects? The high one or the low one? !

Questions? ! 90: 00 min

Shrinkage Limit - Definition The moisture content, in percent, at which the volume of the soil mass ceases to change

Shrinkage Limit - Definition

Shrinkage Limit - Measurement

Questions? ! 90: 00 min

Soil Consistency - Atterberg Limits Depending on Moisture Content soil can be divided into: Moisture Content (w) - + 1. Solid Shrinkage Limit (SL) 2. Semi-Solid 3. Plastic 4. Liquid LI = 0 Liquidity Index (LI) LI = 1 Plastic Limit (PL) Plasticity Index (PI) = PL - LL Liquid Limit (LL)

Liquidity Index - Definition

Plasticity Chart - Definition • Casagrande (1932) studied the relationship of the plasticity index to the liquid limit of a wide variety of natural soils. • He proposed a plasticity chart

Organic Inorganic Silt Clay

Questions? ! 120: 00 min