Factors affecting on semen quality References Barth A

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References • Barth A. D and Waldner C. L. 2002. Factors affecting breeding soundness classification of beef bulls examined at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine. Can Vet J 43(3): 274 -284 • Hafez. E. S. E and Hafez. B. 2000. Reproduction in farm animals 7 th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 509 pp • http: //vet. kku. ac. th/chaiwat/teaching 2010

Breeding soundness evaluation Pedigree Progeny test - Long time - More costly

Breeding soundness evaluation Breeding Index (USA TPI=Type production index) (Canada LPI= Lifetime profit index) (New Zealand BV’S = Breeding values) (Japan NTP=Nippon total index)

Terminology of semen • PTA (ETA) : Predicted or estimated transmitting ability • EBV : Estimated breeding value (Canada) • PTAT : Predicted transmitting ability of type traits • Reliability

Factors on Semen quality • • • Bulls effect Feeding Diseases Semen collection management Environmental effects

Bulls affecting • Age • Scrotal circumference • Breeds • Body condition score • Physical abnormalities • Frostbite ? ? ?

Effect of Age

Effect of Breeds

Effect of BCS

Effect of Physical abnormalities

Effect of Scrotal circumference Minimum Recommended Scrotal Circumference in Centimeters by Age for Bulls Age (months) Scrotal Circumference (cm( 30 15 15<-18 31 18<-21 32 21<-24 33 34 24<

Effect of scrotal frostbite

Feeding on semen quality -Puberty --> scrotal circumference - semen collection time - Bull > 6 years - Boar > 3 years - Stallion > 20 years

Feeding NRC (National Research Council( Young animals -Low energy --> delay semen production -Protein --> less affecting -High energy ---> low libido

Thailand <-- Late puberty - roughage - climates

Low feeding - Testosterone --> decrease - low libido - Obesity --> low libido and sexual activity

Vitamins Vitamin A Pituitary gonadotropins Testicular degeneration Vitamin E ---> Male organ

Minerals -Iodine --> poor libido -Copper - Cobalt - Zinc - Manganese

Toxins -High gossipol --> epididymal cell - radiation --> spermatogenesis - estrogen feed ---> failure of sperm transport in the female tract

Diseases - Virus (IBR, BVD, FMD) - Bacteria (Brucellosis) - Parasite (Blood parasites)

Semen collection management -Training - Frequency 1 -2 per week - hoof problem --> electro-ejaculator

Environmental effects. 1 Temperature -Motility - Temperature shock - Heat shock - Cold shock. 2 Photoperiod & season Long time --> Longevity sperm 3. Oxygen ion O 2 ---> H 2 O 2

. 4 Acidity p. H 6. 7 - 6. 9 Sperm metabolism --> Lactic acids ---> Buffers 5. Osmostic pressure Permeabiliity. 6 Metal Lead, Mercury. 7 Bacteria. 8 Detergent & Toxin

Risk of environment factors. 1 Semen collection. 2 Storage and freezing. 3 Storage and transportation. 4 Thawing and insemination

Semen collection Bulls prepare - Shower - Wash prepuce with NSS 0. 9 % Material prepare -Detergent - Sterile Collection time -Light -Temperature

Storage and freezing. 1 Freezing 37 C 5 C 20 - C 79 - C 196 - C

. 2 Extender - protection cold shock and cryo-protectant - Energy source - Buffering - Osmotic pressure - Bacteria inhibition

Extender Egg-Yolk Tris ---> buffers -citric acid --> buffers -Glucose --> energy, osmotic pressure -Penicillin, Streptomycin, Polymixin B -Glycerol --> cryo- protectant - Egg-yolk --> cyro-protectant

Storage and Transport Semen bank tank -coding -liquid nitrogen AI center tank - liquid nitrogen--> 2 weeks Inseminator tank - liquid nitrogen --> day by day

Transports -Liquid nitrogen - Tank to tank - Canister - Straw (0. 25 French mini-straw 0. 5 ml USA) - < 15 second - forceps

Thawing and Insemination Thawing -canister level - forceps - 35 -40 C 30 second AI -AI gun --> clean & dry

AI technique -Sperm death 10 -20 % - Live sperm 6 - 8 m. / straw -Progressive motile drop 5 -15 % -Limited of bulls -Health control