Facilitating Knowledge Fluency Jerry Reed History Department Sawston

Facilitating Knowledge Fluency Jerry Reed History Department Sawston Village College

Why am I here?

Facilitating Knowledge Fluency • • Introductory Task. Knowledge and memory. Fluency, Pre-testing and Practised Retrieval. Facilitating Knowledge Fluency through Memorisation Techniques. • Outcomes. • Conclusion and Recommendations for Further Reading.

Introductory Task We are going to begin with a simple test involving 30 words and three basic tasks. All you have to do is listen carefully to my instructions and carry out each task accordingly. The basic tasks are called: ‘Spoken to the Left’ – ‘A or U’ – ‘Rate for Pleasantness’

Introductory Task The task you have just completed was just the preliminary work. Now I would like you to try and remember all of the words that you were asked to judge in the previous task. You may omit the practise words, but see how many of the others you can remember. They do not have to be in the order I used them, I just want you to see how many you are able to recall. Turn over the paper you just used and write down as many as you can.

Introductory Task The full list of 30 words is as follows: ‘Spoken to the left’: ‘A or U’: ‘Rate for Pleasantness’: Hundred Rate Place Entirely Into Hold Thread Fleet Training Else Cool Jump Country About Window Match Melt Only Single Yourself Corn Urge Diamond Welcome Aeroplane Fruit Race Winter Disease Nation Mark your own list. How many did you score for each of the above categories?

Knowledge and Memory Willingham, D. (2008) ‘What Will Improve a Student’s Memory’, American Educator, Winter 2008 -2009.

Knowledge and Memory “Memory is the residue of thought. Thus your memory is not a product of what you want to remember or what you try to remember; it’s a product of what you think about. ” Willingham, D. T. (2009) Why Don’t Students Like School? : A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions About How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom. San Francisco: Wiley, John & Sons.

Fluency, Pre-testing and Practised Retrieval • Fluency: Knowledge fluency is a point beyond mastery, it is the point at which cognitive processes become automatic. • Pre-testing: Used at the beginning of an enquiry or sequence of lessons prior to studying the topic. • Practised Retrieval: Use of low stakes tests and selfquizzing from memory throughout an enquiry or sequence of lessons.

What did the Nazi Party stand for in the 1920 s? – Pre Test Question Q 1 When Hitler was imprisoned for treason in 1924, where did he serve his sentence? Q 2 Whilst Hitler was imprisoned in 1924 he wrote ‘Mein Kampf’ to clarify and present his ideas about Germany’s future. What does ‘Mein Kampf’ mean in English? Q 3 Whilst in prison, Hitler determined that the best way for the Nazis to seize power in Germany was through? Q 4 Who lead the SA? Q 5 Which new group that was fanatically loyal to Hitler was set up in the 1920 s to act as Hitler’s personal bodyguard? Q 6 Who did Hitler appoint as the head of Nazi propaganda? Q 7 Who became President of Germany in 1925? Q 8 During the 1920 s German workers voted predominantly for which political party? Q 9 The Nazis appealed increasingly to which social group in the 1920 s? Q 10 What percentage of the German population supported the Nazis in the elections of 1928? Name: Choices a. Spandau Prison b. Landsberg Prison c. Dusseldorf Prison a. My Life b. My War c. My Struggle a. Democratic elections b. Another Putsch c. Election fixing a. Ernst Rohm b. Joseph Goebbels c. Hermann Goring a. The Steel Helmets b. The Reichsbanner c. The SS a. Ernst Rohm b. Joseph Goebbels c. Hermann Goring a. Marx b. Hindenburg c. Ludendorff a. National Socialists (Nazis) b. Communists c. Social Democratic Party (SPD) a. Peasant farmers b. Industrial workers c. Wealthy businessmen a. 25. 6% b. 10. 6% c. 2. 6%

What did the Nazi Party stand for in the 1920 s? – Pre Test Question Q 1 When Hitler was imprisoned for treason in 1924, where did he serve his sentence? Name: Choices b. Landsberg Prison Q 2 Whilst Hitler was imprisoned in 1924 he wrote ‘Mein Kampf’ to clarify and present his ideas about Germany’s future. What does ‘Mein Kampf’ mean in English? Q 3 Whilst in prison, Hitler determined that the best way for the Nazis to seize power in Germany was through? c. My Struggle a. Democratic elections Q 4 Who lead the SA? a. Ernst Rohm Q 5 Which new group that was fanatically loyal to Hitler was set up in the 1920 s to act as Hitler’s personal bodyguard? Q 6 Who did Hitler appoint as the head of Nazi propaganda? c. The SS b. Joseph Goebbels Q 7 Who became President of Germany in 1925? b. Hindenburg Q 8 During the 1920 s German workers voted predominantly for which political party? Q 9 The Nazis appealed increasingly to which social group in the 1920 s? Q 10 What percentage of the German population supported the Nazis in the elections of 1928? c. Social Democratic Party (SPD) a. Peasant farmers c. 2. 6%

What did the Nazi Party stand for in the 1920 s? – Check Test Question Q 1 When Hitler was imprisoned for treason in 1924, where did he serve his sentence? Name: Answer Q 2 Whilst Hitler was imprisoned in 1924 he wrote ‘Mein Kampf’ to clarify and present his ideas about Germany’s future. What does ‘Mein Kampf’ mean in English? Q 3 Whilst in prison, Hitler determined that the best way for the Nazis to seize power in Germany was through? Q 4 Who lead the SA? Q 5 Which new group that was fanatically loyal to Hitler was set up in the 1920 s to act as Hitler’s personal bodyguard? Q 6 Who did Hitler appoint as the head of Nazi propaganda? Q 7 Who became President of Germany in 1925? Q 8 During the 1920 s German workers voted predominantly for which political party? Q 9 The Nazis appealed increasingly to which social group in the 1920 s? Q 10 What percentage of the German population supported the Nazis in the elections of 1928?

Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930? Circular Recall Challenge 8) Number of seats gained by Nazi Party in elections of 1928? 1) Germany’s super chancellor appointed August 1923? _ _ _ _ 7) Party that gained majority of radical worker votes in 1920 s? _ _ _ _ _ 6) Social group, praised by Nazis as racially pure, that struggled in 1920 s? _ _ _ _ 2) Economic Plan for USA loans to Germany signed in 1924? _ _ _ Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930? 5) Middle-class group, increasingly attracted to Nazis, that struggled in 1920 s due to growth of large department stores? _ _ _ 3) Treaty of 1925 agreeing Germany’s western borders? _ _ _ _ 4) Appointed by Hitler to be head of Nazi propaganda? _ _ _ _

Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930? Circular Recall Challenge 8) Number of seats gained by Nazi Party in elections of 1928? 1) Germany’s super chancellor appointed August 1923? S _ _ _ _ _ T _ _ _ 7) Party that gained majority of radical worker votes in 1920 s? C _ _ _ _ 6) Social group, praised by Nazis as racially pure, that struggled in 1920 s? P _ _ _ F _ _ _ 2) Economic Plan for USA loans to Germany signed in 1924? D _ _ P _ _ _ Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930? 5) Middle-class group, increasingly attracted to Nazis, that struggled in 1920 s due to growth of large department stores? S _ _ _ _ _ 3) Treaty of 1925 agreeing Germany’s western borders? L _ _ _ T _ _ _ 4) Appointed by Hitler to be head of Nazi propaganda? J _ _ _ G _ _ _ _

Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930? Circular Recall Challenge 8) Number of seats gained by Nazi Party in elections of 1928? 1) Germany’s super chancellor appointed August 1923? STRESEMANN TWELVE 7) Party that gained majority of radical worker votes in 1920 s? COMMUNISTS 6) Social group, praised by Nazis as racially pure, that struggled in 1920 s? PEASANT FARMERS 2) Economic Plan for USA loans to Germany signed in 1924? DAWES PLAN Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930? 5) Middle-class group, increasingly attracted to Nazis, that struggled in 1920 s due to growth of large department stores? SHOPKEEPERS 3) Treaty of 1925 agreeing Germany’s western borders? LOCARNO TREATY 4) Appointed by Hitler to be head of Nazi propaganda? JOSEPH GOEBBELS

Facilitating Knowledge Fluency through Memorisation Techniques • Elaboration for layers of meaning by: relating to what is already known, explaining it to somebody else, creating a metaphor or constructing a visual image. • Generation: try to solve a problem before receiving the solution by considering how it might relate to earlier learning. • Reflection: what went well or could have gone better. • Mnemonics: Creating mental structures that make it easier to retrieve information later. Examples include: acronyms, acrostic poems and changed lyrics to well known songs and tunes.

Why might the Problems of the Weimar Period have presented opportunities for the Nazi Party? Using pages 262 -263 of the textbook you should recap each area of Weimar (Economy, Culture, Politics and Foreign Policy). For each separate area you should write a 15 word summary of the problems that remained in each of these areas. This means you will write 4 summaries in total! What did the Nazi Party stand for in the 1920 s?

Why did so many ordinary Germans vote for the Nazis? C ommunist threat The CHEAPEN challenge! H itler’s leadership Which of these factors influenced your character’s decision to vote Nazi? E conomic crisis Placed around the room are 7 large sheets of sugar paper, one for each of these Your task is to fill these sheets with A rmed thugs (SA) factors. short explanations of why they influenced your character. ropaganda P This influenced my character because… w. E aknesses of Weimar Democracy N ationalism

Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930? Task 1: Read page 267 of the textbook then complete the focus task at the top of the page, which challenges you to place in order of priority your thoughts on why the Nazi Party had so little electoral success in the 1920 s? Task 2: Design your own ACRONYM to help you recall the six factors listed. Extension Task: Which groups of German society did the Nazis increasingly look towards for support by the end of the 1920 s and why did the Nazis think their political messages might appeal more to these groups than the groups of society they had been targeting in the mid 1920 s?

Where are threats to Hitler’s grip on power in Vote for this diagram of the Weimar political system? President Oversees the system Article 48 The President can pass laws without the Reichstag in a crisis Hitler as Chancellor Chosen from the Reichstag by the President on 30 Jan 1933. He now leads the Government. Reichstag (Parliament) Government chosen by “Proportional Representation” so the number of seats each party gets in the Reichstag reflects the percentage of votes they got in an election, e. g. 25% of the vote = 25% of the seats in the Reichstag. Vote for Electorate All men and women over 20 Pass laws A majority of Reichstag delegates are needed to pass a new law.

Who posed a threat to Hitler’s grip on power? Construct an acrostic poem using the key word ‘THREAT’ to explain the threats Hitler faced to his grip on power when he was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933. How did Hitler consolidate his grip on power?

Appointed Chancellor Reichstag Fire Elections of March 1933 Verse 1: Verse 2: Verse 3: The Chorus: How did Hitler seize control? How did Hitler seize control in the 1930 s? (To be sung to the tune of ‘What shall we do with the drunken sailor? ’) Homework Task. Create six verses (one for each topic in the boxes) to tell the story of how Hitler was able to consolidate his power by 1934. Your verses must be factually precise and, like the chorus, should be set to the tune of ‘What shall we do with the drunken sailor’. Enabling Act Night of the Long Knives Death of Hindenburg Verse 4: Verse 5: Verse 6:

Outcomes 170 160 150 140 130 Final Test (scored out of 30) Check-test 9 (scored out of 10) 110 Check-test 8 (scored out of 10) 100 Pre-test 3 (scored out of 10) Accumulated Pre & Check Test Scores 120 Check-test 7 (scored out of 20) 90 Check-test 6 (scored out of 20) 80 Check-test 5 (scored out of 10) 70 Check-test 4 (scored out of 10) 60 Check-test 3 (scored out of 10) Pre-test 2 (scored out of 10) 50 Check-test 2 (scored out of 10) 40 Check-test 1 (scored out of 10) 30 Pre-test 1 (scored out of 10) 20 10 0 A B C D E F G H Students I J K L M N

Outcomes Student Written Assessments - Mark Comparisons Student Year 10 Mock – Key Question: ‘Was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start? ’ Enquiry Final Assessment – Key Question: ‘Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934? ’ Part a) describe [4] Part b) explain [6] Part c) argument [10] Total [20] Part b) explain [6] Part c) argument [10] Variation Total [20] A 4 1 5 10 3 5 8 16 +6 B 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 3 +1 C 4 3 0 7 4 6 8 18 +11 D 0 0 0 2 2 +2 E 1 2 1 4 3 4 6 13 +9 F 0 0 3 0 3 6 +6 G 4 0 3 7 1 6 9 16 +9 H 4 4 5 13 2 5 7 14 +1 I 4 3 1 8 2 6 5 13 +5 J 4 3 8 15 4 6 8 18 +3 K 4 6 8 18 4 6 10 20 +2 L 4 1 1 6 4 4 7 15 +9 M 4 6 7 17 4 5 10 19 +2 N 4 1 1 6 1 3 4 8 +2

Conclusion

How effectively did the Nazis control Germany, 1933 -45? – Pre Test Question Q 1 When did Adolf Hitler become Fuhrer (Supreme Leader) of Germany? Q 2 Q 3 Q 4 Q 5 Q 6 Q 7 Q 8 Q 9 Q 10 Name: Choices a. January 1933 b. March 1933 c. August 1934 a. Heinrich Himmler b. Herman Goering c. Ernst Rohm What was the Gestapo? a. The Nazi German Police b. The Nazi German Secret State Police c. The Nazi German Civil Service When were the first ‘Concentration Camps’ established by the Nazis? a. 1933 b. 1934 c. 1939 The Hitler Youth and League of German Maidens were set up as Nazi youth movements for boys and girls a. 1933 respectively. In what year did membership of a Nazi youth movement become compulsory? b. 1934 c. 1939 Who led the official Reich Church, a Nazi attempt to bring all Protestant Churches under Nazi control? a. Dietrich Bonhoeffer b. Martin Niemoller c. Ludwig Muller Who organised the huge rallies for Nazi supporters held in Nuremburg each summer? a. Goebbels b. Goering c. Himmler Where were the Olympic Games of 1936 held? a. Munich b. Berlin c. London What were the names of the brother and sister executed in 1943 for circulating anti Nazi literature around a. Peter and Gertrude Klink Munich University? b. Hans and Sophie Scholl c. Robert and Peta Ley Hitler was almost killed in an assassination attempt instigated by some German Army officers in 1944. By what a. The July Bomb Plot name is this assassination attempt commonly remembered? b. The August Bomb Plot c. The September Bomb Plot Who led the SS (originally formed as Hitler’s personal bodyguards, but became the organisation with prime responsibility for destroying opposition to Nazism and carrying out the Nazis’ racial policies )?

Chronology of Roman civilization Features of Roman civilisation c. 753 BC Approximately, the year that Rome is founded 509 BC Tarquinius Superbus is overthrown. Start of Roman Republic. 44 BC Julius Caesar is assassinated 1 The River Tiber gave the Romans easy access to the sea. 27 BC Augustus becomes Emperor. Start of Roman Empire. 2 Rome’s location meant that it was protected from invasion. 324 AD Start of Roman Decline 476 AD Fall of Roman Empire Geography Farming/Trade 1 Trade meant that Rome could continue to grow even after it ran out of its own agricultural surplus. 2 Wealthy people in Rome could benefit from luxuries from the Empire Key words 1 Latin The language of the Romans 2 Patricians A small group of wealthy land-owners 3 Plebeians The normal citizens of Rome 1 Romans felt that democracy made society fairer and more equal. 4 Twelve Tables A list of laws explaining Roman law and government 2 Rome had a very militaristic culture. 5 Republic A country or civilisation with democracy, not monarchy 6 Magistrates were elected by the citizens. 1 At first, the Romans copied Greek polytheism with gods linked to the environment. 7 Consuls Two magistrates who commanded the army. 2 Later on, the Romans made Christianity the official religion. 8 Veni, vidi, vici ‘I came, I saw, I conquered’ 9 Augustus The first Emperor of Rome in 27 BC 10 Gaul The Roman name for modern-day France 11 Hispania The Roman name for modern-day Spain and Portugal 1 The Roman army was a professional army. 12 Centurion A soldier in charge of 80 other soldiers 2 The army built defensive walls and forts to keep control. 13 Via Appia Rome’s first road. Constructed in 312 BC 14 Pantheon The name given to the most important Roman gods 1 Roman culture spread throughout their empire. 15 Forum An outdoor square which was a meeting place and market 2 Roman culture left a lasting legacy. 16 Colosseum An amphitheatre used for entertainment 17 Atrium The name for an open or covered courtyard Rulers/Law Religion Science and mathematics 1 The roads the Romans built made it easy to move around the Empire. Military Culture

Which year? ---- 27 BC Era of ______ of Roman Empire Name: Start of Roman Decline Start of Roman _________ Era of ________ 509 BC Augustus becomes Approximate year? Julius Caesar was assassinated Start of Roman ___________ Tarquinius ------ ____ was overthrown Approximately, the year Rome was founded Year 7 - Ancient Rome – Timeline Task Date: 476 AD Era of ______

Recommendations for Further Reading Willingham, D. T. (2009) Why Don’t Students Like School? : A Cognitive Scientist Answers Questions About How the Mind Works and What It Means for the Classroom. San Francisco: Wiley, John & Sons.

Recommendations for Further Reading Carey, B. (2014) How We Learn: The Surprising Truth About When, Where and Why it Happens. United Kingdom: Pan Mac. Millan.

Recommendations for Further Reading Roediger, H. L. , Mc. Daniel, M. A. and Brown, P. C. (2014) Make it Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.