F O S E I I S R

F O S E I I S R U A A C W D L R O W

Aggressive Nations • Element: Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World War II in Europe and Asia to include the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, the Spanish Civil War, the Rape of Nanjing in China, and the German annexation of the Sudetenland.

Long-Term Factors to War • Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 – War Guilt Clause – Germany to accept blame for WWI – Reparations – Germany had to pay 63 billion in damages (768 billion today)

Long-Term Factors to War • Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 – Disarmament – Germany only allowed to have a small army and six naval ships (No tanks, no air force and no submarines, the Rhineland area demilitarized) – Territorial Clauses – Land was taken away from Germany and given to other countries. Union with Austria was forbidden.

Long-Term Factors to War • Other Factors: – Discontent about Treaty of Versailles: German people unhappy and thought treaty to be too harsh – Economic instability throughout Europe: an economic crisis went through Europe during the 1920 s, Germany could not afford to pay raparations

Stop and Think! • How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to the causes of World War II? • Turn and discuss the question with your elbow partner. Be prepared to share your answers with the class!

Long-Term Factors to War • Other Factors: – Rise of totalitarian governments/police states that existed in Russia, Germany, and Italy: Government not able to fix social problems, and with out a history of democracy Dictators will emerge

Review … • Who are the totalitarian dictators in Russia … Germany … and Italy?

League of Nations an international organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland established at the Treaty of Versailles created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes proposed by U. S. President Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points speech

League of Nations • Key Nations who were not members – United States: refused to join to remain neutral – Germany: not allowed to join because of war guilt clause – Soviet Union: not allowed to join because of communist government

League of Nations • Reaction to aggression: – Verbal sanctions: issue warning – Economic sanctions: trade restrictions – Physical sanctions: military force

League’s Military • Britain and France only countries with military might • could not provide backing to the League • neither in position to use finances to pay for an expanded army • both severely depleted financially and strength-wise from WWI

Stop and Think! • Was the League of Nations effective at keeping the peace and preventing future wars? • Why or why not?

Immediate Factors to War • • Date: September 1931 Nation: Japan Action: Invasion of Manchuria Reaction: Lytton Commission issued, Japan withdrew from the League and created international isolation

Invasion of Manchuria

Immediate Factors to War • • Date: October 1935 Nation: Italy Action: Invasion of Ethiopia Reaction: League of Nations looks away, removes sanctions placed on Italy and recognizes their control of Ethiopia

Invasion of Ethiopia

Immediate Factors to War • • Date: April 1936 Nation: Spain Action: Civil War began Reaction: Germany and Italy sent aide to the Nationalist lead by Francisco Franco. Hitler and Mussolini meet for the first time.

Spanish Civil War begins

Immediate Factors to War • • Date: May 1936 Nation: Germany Action: Occupied the Rhineland Reaction: Western Europe adopted policy of appeasement, felt a stronger Germany could help repel the spread of communism

Occupation of Rhineland

Stop and Think! Why do you think the actions of aggressive nations lead to World War II?

Appeasement • historian Paul Kennedy defined as “the policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict which would be expensive, bloody, and possibly dangerous. ” • In summary, the term means the act of giving something to an aggressive power to keep the peace

Stop and Think! • Give an example from your life where you have appeased someone. • Share your story with your elbow partner, and be prepared to share with the class!

Axis Powers • Germany and Italy became allies by October of 1936 forming the Rome-Berlin Axis • Japan joined the other 2 a few months later making up the Axis Powers

Immediate Factors to War • Date: July 1937 • Nation: Japan • Action: second Sino-Japanese War (rape of Nanjing, China) • Reaction: violated U. S. Open Door policy which held that all nations should be able to trade freely in China. U. S. placed Economic Sanctions on Japan.

Second Sino-Japanese War

Immediate Factors to War • • Date: March 1938 Nation: Germany Action: annexed Austria (Anschluss) Reaction: Hitler assured he may continue his expansion without confrontation of Britain and France because of appeasement

Anschluss

Immediate Factors to War • • Date: September 1938 Nation: Germany Action: took the Sudetenland Reaction: Hitler defended lebensraum, Chamberlin maintained appeasement, the Munich Pact was signed. Gave Hitler the Sudetenland but he agreed not to invade Czechoslovakia

Invasion of the Sudetenland

Response to Munich Pact • Neville Chamberlain announced that the settlement meant “peace for our time” • Winston Churchill's remark "You were given the choice between war and dishonor. You chose dishonor and you will have war. "

Immediate Factors to War • Date: March 1939 • Nation: Germany • Action: Seizes Czechoslovakia violating the Munich Agreement • Reaction: Britain and France issue a warning that if Germany invade Poland they would declare war.

Partition of Czechoslovakia

Immediate Factors to War • • Date: April 1, 1939 Nation: Spain Action: the end of the Civil War Reaction: Francisco Franco became dictator of Spain

Spanish Civil War ends

Immediate Factors to War • • Date: April 7 -12, 1939 Nation: Italy Action: invaded Albania Reaction: Economic sanctions given by the League on Albainia. Mussolini declared the Italian Empire as emerging. Albania left the League (Italy left in 1937)

Invasion of Albania

Non-Aggression Pact • • signed in August 1939 by Hitler and Stalin agreed not to invade one another Hitler did not want to fight a two front war Stalin did not trust Hitler, but did want to buy Soviet Union more time to build up their army

Immediate Factors to War • • Date: September 1939 Nation: Germany Action: Invaded Poland Reaction: Soviet Union invaded other half of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany to begin WWII. U. S. declared neutrality.

Invasion of Poland

Stop and Think! • Why do you think the European powers agreed to appease Hitler?

Cause of Appeasement • events occurred only a few years after WWI • misplaced sympathy over the harsh peace terms of 1919 • felt better with a stronger Germany to repel communism • U. S. would not make a stand because of strict Neutrality Act, 1935

Allowed Hitler to… • implement his policy of increasing Living Space(lebensraum) and Greater Germany • backed up these moves with the policy of self-determination, claiming that he was only occupying German lands

Failure of Appeasement • world community ignored the problem hoping it would go away • As a result – Hitler felt he could ignore Britain – betrayed Prime Minister Chamberlin – invaded Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich Pact and idea of German self-determination • eventually leads to war

Let’s summarize … • How did the actions of aggressive nations lead to World War II?