F 38 UAS Standards Gap Analysis ASTM International

F 38 – UAS Standards Gap Analysis © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. Gap Analysis Lead Author: F 38 Member Laurence Newcome

Supplement - Gap Analysis in Detail Recalling Subcommittee Structure: • F 38. 01 Airworthiness Standards • F 38. 02 Operations Standards • F 38. 03 Pilot & Maintenance Qualifications The Gap Analysis Will • • provide guidance for standards bodies and user groups engaged in developing or adopting standards governing unmanned aircraft system design, manufacture, test, training, operation, and maintenance preclude duplicating existing standards already applicable to unmanned aviation identify gaps in standards coverage unique to needs of unmanned aviation Roadmap Key: ASTM F 38 standards in progress - in orange ASTM approved standards – in yellow Outstanding needs – in red © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.

The ASTM F 38 Standards Roadmap: WBS Example Format Crew Qualifications Maintainers Airframe UAS Operations Airframe Airworthiness Level 2 Airframe Level 3 Materials Structures Landing Gear Launch Devices Maintenance Environmental General Level 4 Materials Power Plant Reciprocating Ground Turbine Structures Materials Reciprocating Landing Gear Taxi. Generators Launch Devices Power Plant Turbine Avionics Takeoff Structures Launch Devices Fuels Generators Landing Gear Comm/NAV Maintenance Reciprocating General Launch Devices Turbine Links Launch Devices. Data Environmental Electric Fuels Generators Maintenance General - Batteries Launch Devices Electric Environmental - Solar Fuels General - Radioisotope General - Batteries - GSE Electric - Batteries ASTM - Solar - Radioisotope Pilot Non-Pilot Schools Human Factors - Certificates - Ratings Safety /SA WK 5423 Certificates and Ratings Issued for - ASTM Solar - UAV Radioisotope Pilots and Operators - De-Anti-Icing - Transponders - See & Avoid ASTM F 2111 -04 Standard Specification for Design & Level 5 Performance UAS Airborne Sense and Avoid System © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. Crew

The ASTM F 38. 01 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - Airworthiness Level 2 Airframe Level 3 Materials Structures Landing Gear Launch Devices Maintenance Environmental General Power Plant Reciprocating Turbine Generators Launch Devices Fuels General Electric - Batteries - Solar - Radioisotope Level 4 Avionics Comm/NAV Data Links General Safety /SA - De-Anti-Icing - Transponders - See & Avoid ASTM F 2111 -04 Standard Specification for Design & Level 5 Performance UAS Airborne Sense and Avoid System © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.

The ASTM F 38. 01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – AIRFRAME (under Level 1 Airworthiness) Materials……………. . MIL HDBK 5 (metals), 17 (composites) Structures……………MIL-HDBK 1530; MIL-STD 403 A Landing Gear…………. JIS W 2502; FAA TSO-C 62 d; MIL-T-504; SAE ARP 1493 A Wheels/Brakes/Skid Control ARP 1595 A, ARP 1907 A, ARP 813 B, SAE ARP 1311 B, Gears/Struts/ Couplings ARP 1598 AAIR 1494 A, AIR 4566, SAE AIR 5487, AS 1188 Tires Launch Devices…………………. ASTM F 2585 Standard Specification for the Design and Performance of a Pneumatic UAS Launch System Recovery Devices………………. WK 15881 Specification for Design and Performance of UAS Recovery Systems Environmental…………(see next chart) RTCA DO-160 C, • External MIL HDBK 237 • Internal (Onboard) General………………. 14 CFR 21, 23, 25, 27, 29; ASTM F 2501 -06 Standard Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F 2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.

The ASTM F 38. 01 Standards Roadmap: Level 3/4/5/6 - Environmental General External • • Altitude (TPH) De-icing/Anti-icing Rain, ice, lightning, etc. Salt, fog, dust, etc. • Fungus • • EMI, HERO, etc. Solar weather SAE ARP 147 E (terminology), ARP 780 B (symbols) MIL-STD 202, 810; RTCA DO-160; NEBS GR-63 -CORE (see Avionics/Safety; SAE AC-9 C work) SAE AIR 1168/4, ARP 5577; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-160 MIL-STD 820; ASTM B 117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus ASTM D 120 Specification for Rubber Insulating Gloves, D 470 Method for Crosslinked Insulations and Jackets for Wire and Cable, D 518 Method for Rubber Deterioration. Surface Cracking; MIL-STD 810; RTCA DO-160 MIL-STD 461 D, 646; SAE ARP 1972, ARP 5583, ARP 5889 JEDEC JESD-89 Internal (Onboard) • • • Temperature Pressure Humidity Shock/Vibration/Accel Acoustic © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. SAE AIR 64 B, AIR 89 D, AIR 1277 B, AS 8040 A SAE AIR 1168/7 SAE AIR 1609 A, ARP 987 A MIL-STD 167, 202, 331 (catapult/arrested landing), 810 SAE AIR 1826

The ASTM F 38. 01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Powerplants Reciprocating Engines • Propellers Turbines 14 CFR 33, 34, 36; SAE AS 25109, AS 1 B, ASTM WK 9561 Design and Manufacture of Compression Ignition Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System 14 CFR 35; SAE ARP 355, AS 107, AIR 1872 14 CFR 35, 34, 36; SAE ARP 748 A, AIR 1872, ASTM WK 9560 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Turbine Engines for Unmanned Aircraft System Electric • • • Batteries Solar (Photovoltaic) Radioisotope Generators/Starters Fuels • • Systems/Instruments Tanks General © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. IEC Std 952 -1; MIL-B-8565; IEC 21/466/CD IEC 61427: 1999 SAE AIR 1213 SAE AS 13 ASTM D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines, D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels SAE AIR 1408, AS 407, AS 431, AR 1326 SAE AIR 4069 A, AS 5502 A, AMSS 8802 B (SAE E-25 works); MIL-STD-8879 c

The ASTM F 38. 01 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Avionics Comm/Nav RTCA DO-187, DO-208, DO-278 Computers (SAE AS-2 works) Safety/Sit. Aware MIL-STD 882 • Sense & Avoid ASTM F 2411 -04 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and-Avoid System, RTCA DO-268 • Anti-icing/Deicing SAE AS 5498, AIR 4367 • Transponders FAA TSO Links Security-none; NATO STANAG 4586; RTCA DO-254; SAE ARP 4791 Software RTCA DO-178 B General (SAE AS-1 works); ARINC 429 (analog) and 629 (digital) © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.

The ASTM F 38. 02 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - Operations UAS Operations General Terminology Symbology Flight VFR IFR Payloads © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. Ground Taxi Takeoff Landings

The ASTM F 38. 02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - General Terminology Symbology © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. ASTM F 2395 -05 Terminology for Unmanned Air Vehicle Systems, AIAA R 103 -2004 SAE ARP 4155, ARP 5289

The ASTM F 38. 02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Flight VFR IFR Payloads • Data Recorders • Returnable − Sensors − Relay/ Broadcast Eqmt • Deliverable − Weapons − Cargo − Aerial Refueling Business Aviation Practices © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. 14 CFR 91, ASTM WK 3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization, WK 10504 Practice for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Visual Range Flight Operations 14 CFR 91, 95, ASTM WK 3135 Guide for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Authorization Universal Interface; IEEE-1394 b; SAE AS 5609 SAE AS 8039 SAE AIR 4911, AS 1212 (SWAP), AIR 1277 (SWAP) SAE J 1113/28, J 551/4, ARP 5583 (HIRF) 14 CFR 91 Positive Control, Weapon Safing: SAE AIR 5532 SAE AS 1325, AS 5385, ARP 1409, AS 25959 SAE ARP 1665, AS 1284 WK 13989 Mini-UAS, Visual Range Operators

The ASTM F 38. 02 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 - Ground Taxi Takeoff Landing Airports AGE SAE ARP 693, AIR 1589, AIR 4096 (FOD), ARP 5898 SAE AIR 852, AS 8044, AIR 4096. ARP 4104 SAE ARP 1070, AIR 1739, ARP 181, ARP 4102, AIR 4243, ARP 69 UA Accommodation at Alternates-none; 14 CFR 139; SAE ARP 5910, AIR 1845, AIR 5387, ARP 4084, AIR 1335 SAE AIR 1247, AIR 1375, AIR 4286, AS 4852, AS 5488 © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.

The ASTM F 38. 03 Standards Roadmap: Level 1 - Qualifications Crew Pilots Operators Schools Human Factors © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. Maintainers Special A&P Mechanics Schools Human Factors General Commercial

The ASTM F 38. 03 Standards Roadmap: Level 2 – Crew, Maintainer, Special Crew Pilots Non-Pilot Aircrew Schools Human Factors A&P Mechanics Schools Human Factors General 14 CFR Part 61, 67; F 2635 Standard Classification for Unmanned Aircraft Pilot Certification 14 CFR 63, 65, 67 14 CFR 141, 142; SAE ARP 5453 SAE ARP 4033, ARP 4107 (HF Glossary), (SAE G-10 works) Maintainer JI 8152 (in work) 14 CFR 147; JI 8152 (in work) (SAE G-13 works) 14 CFR 43; F 2584 -06 Standard Practice for Maintenance and Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light UAS Special Commercial Operators 14 CFR 119, 121, 133, 137 © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.

The ASTM F 38 Standards Roadmap: General CASA UA 25 © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved. Australian regulation for certification and operation of unmanned aircraft; MIL-HDBK 516; ASTM F 2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness

The ASTM F 38 Standards Roadmap: Findings – 5 Categories Standards exists and explicitly written for UA • ASTM F 2411 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of an Airborne Sense-and. Avoid System, ASTM F 2501 Recommended Practices for Unmanned Aircraft System Airworthiness, ASTM F 2505 Practice for Application of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Regulations Part 21 Requirements to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Standard exists and directly applicable to UA (“as is”) • ASTM D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines Standard exists and applicable to UA (aviation qualified), but focused elsewhere • SAE AIR 4911, video interface for entertainment vice reconnaissance systems “The purpose of this document is to establish the requirements for sensor/video interconnect subsystems. These requirements have been driven predominantly, but not exclusively, by aerospace-type military platforms and commercial aircraft. These requirements are intended to be used as the criteria to establish a sensor/video interconnection standard that will foster the development of common hardware to simplify the total interconnectivity of future avionics platforms. ” Standard exists on topic, but indirectly applicable to UA (“thread”) • IEC 61427: 1999, photovoltaic (solar) cells No suitable standard exists • UA (none) vice aircraft carrier (MIL-STD 331) catapults © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.

The ASTM F 38 Standards Roadmap: Conclusions & Action Many UAS relevant topics covered in existing standards. Documentation gap for airworthiness now covered in F 2501, incorporating over 300 standards. F 38 recognizes these existing standards, and focuses on addressing identified gaps now and in the future. Subcommittees and lead writers assigned to address the identified ‘gaps’ in UAS standards. Best Practices draft standards be structured along same lines as briefing and expanded/updated to identify such gaps in standards. New F 38 members sought with expertise directly applicable to these gaps. © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.

ASTM International Committee F 38 on Unmanned Aircraft Systems Daniel A. Schultz ASTM International Director, Committee Services +1 610 -832 -9716 dschultz@astm. org www. astm. org 100 Barr Harbor Drive W. Conshohocken, PA 19428 -2959 USA © ASTM International. All Rights Reserved.