Eye Witness Testimony L O L O Misleading

Eye Witness Testimony L. O: L. O • Misleading information • leading questions • post-event discussion.

Watch the following video clip and answer the question. Keep the question to yourself. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Rg 5 b. BJQOL 74

• How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? • How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? • How fast were the cars going when they collided with each other? • How fast were the cars going when they bumped each other? • How fast were the cars going when they contacted with each other?

• Hit? • Smashed? • Collided? • Bumped? • Contacted? • 34. 0 • 40. 8 • 39. 3 • 38. 1 • 31. 8

• Drawing a graph of the mean estimates Gathering the estimates. . . ? • What is the mean? • What are the advantages of using mean estimates?

The Effect of Misleading information on EWT. . . LOFTUS 1974: THE SMASH, BUMP, COLLIDE STUDY LOFTUS 1975: POST EVENT INFO, THE STOP, YIELD STUDY

Loftus 1974 Smash, Bump, Collide Study • Splat Study

Can EWT always be relied upon…? • http: //www. youtube. com/w atch? v=ub. NF 9 QNEQLA

Picking out of a line up. . . • Pick the bomber. . . • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=D 7 Ep Yl. Ka. BM 8&feature=related

The Bugs Bunny Effect • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=e. Zl. P z. Se. UDDw

Discuss research into how leading questions can influence the accuracy of EWT (10 Marks) AO 1 - Loftus and Palmer 1974 (Smash Study) Aim: Procedure Findings Conclusions AO 3 P E E L Strength- Supporting Evidence Loftus found that when college students were asked… This is a strength because… This study can be considered to be higher in realism as students has experienced Disneyland therefore would have been less likely to lead to demand characteristics caused by an artificial situation. Weakness; Low External Validity Loftus found that when college students were asked… This is an issue because… On the other hand it could be considered a strength tot use Lab studies because… Strength; Real-life application This has been useful in police interviewing techniques because… This is a strength because… This has further positive implications for the economy because…

Loftus Barn Study 1975 • • • • Aim: To investigate whether post-event information can alter the accuracy of an EWT Research Design: Independent Groups (control and experimental) Materials: Film of events leading up to a car accident, with a stop sign and no barn IV: The question whether it included the misleading barn info or not DV: % who reported seeing a barn. Procedure: All watched events leading up to a car accident, and were then questioned in 2 groups. Control group: real info; questions about what they saw ; ‘how fast was the white sports car going when is passed the stop sign? ’ Experimental Group : misleading info; ‘how fast was the white sports car going when it passed the barn while going along the country road? ’ Type of Data: Quantitative Findings: Control group: 3% reported seeing a barn. Experimental Group: 17% reported seeing a barn Conclusion: Those given misleading info post-event had absorbed it with their original memory of the event and believed that they actually saw the barn.

Evaluation points so far. . . ? • Validity. . . ? • Demand characteristics. . . ? • Consequentiality. . . ? • Ethics. . . ?

Discuss research into how post-event discussion can influence the accuracy of EWT (10 Marks) AO 1 - Loftus 1975 (Barn Study) Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions AO 3 P E E L Strength- Supporting Evidence This is a strength because… This study can be considered to be higher in realism as students has experienced Disneyland therefore would have been less likely to lead to demand characteristics caused by an artificial situation. Weakness; Low External Validity This is an issue because… On the other hand it could be considered a strength tot use Lab studies because… Strength; Real-life application This is a strength because… This has further positive implications for the economy because…

Discuss research into how anxiety can influence the accuracy of EWT (10 Marks) AO 1 - Johnson and Scott ‘ 76 (Weapon Effect) & Christianson and Hubinette ‘ 93 (real life robberies) Aim Procedure Findings Conclusions AO 3 P E E L Weakness- Contradictory Evidence Loftus found that… This is an issue because… But, the Yerkes Dodson Law has been put forward to resolve this which explains that… This is an issue because… On the other hand it could be considered a strength tot use Lab studies because… Weakness; Low External Validity Strength; Real Life Application whereas Christianson and Hubinette found that… This has further positive implications for the economy because…