Exterior Walls Framing Structural Components FramingConstruction Techniques u

Exterior Walls- Framing & Structural Components

Framing/Construction Techniques u General Terms & Methodology u Platform Framing u Balloon Framing u Energy-Efficient Framing u Post & Beam(Timber) u Steel Framing u Concrete Masonry Construction u Floor Framing Terms u Wall Framing Terms u Exterior Finishes

General Exterior Wall Construction u Walls support vertical loads from – roof – ceiling – floors u Must also resist later forces due to – wind – earthquakes

Typical Wall Construction u One and two story framing – Generally walls are 2” x 4” @ 16” O. C. – Occasionally 2” x 6” @ 16”, 19. 2” and 24” O. C. associated with cold climates u Three story framing(load bearing walls) – lower floor = 2” x 6” @ 16” O. C. – other floors = 2” x 4” @ 16” O. C.

Platform Framing Ceiling Joist Rafter or Truss 1. Also called Western Framing 2. Most common Sway Bracing today (corner bracing) 3. Platform provide area to build walls Subfloor Blocking Dbl Plate Floor Joist “Platform Framing” Sheathing Girder Ledger Floor Joist Sill Foundation

Balloon Framing 1. Studs extend from sill to roof line 2. Also called Eastern Framing 3. Terms similar to Platform Framing. 4. Additional Terms: Ribbon Firestop Balloon Framing Two story length studs

Balloon Framing Terms u Ribbon u Firestop

Balloon Framing u Used primarily for 2 story construction u Less chance of shrinkage or movement – recommended for masonry veneer & stucco u 2 nd floor supported by wall with – let-in 1 x 4 called a ribbon u Less overall material u Longer members usually more costly u Firestop blocking and ribbons required

Framing Construction at Corners u 3 full studs –good with super insulated buildings u 3 full studs and blocking u 3 full studs and 1/2” shim Two studs and dry wall clips (see class sample)

Energy-Efficient Framing u Advanced framing techniques (AFT) u Altering traditional framing methods – see text for examples u Eliminate nonstructural wood with insulation (Wood = R 1/inch, Insulation = R 3. 5 to R 8. 3/inch) – insulation at corners, insulation at exterior wall behind partition intersections, and insulated headers u Stud spacing (24” OC) u One level height limitation set by code u Structural insulated panels (SIP)

Post & Beam(Timber) 1. Relatively new and less common in residential construction 2. Larger members placed further apart 3. Used in heavy timber construction for years beam T&G planks 2 x 6 or 2 x 8 post Beam and Post typically 8’ OC

Post &Beam Construction u Provides vaulted (sloped) ceilings and a more open feeling in the space T

Post and Beam Framing using Tongue & Groove Planking u Used for Roof or Floor when structure is space 24” or more O. C.

Steel Framing u Alternate framing method of – lower energy cost – higher strength – better insurance rates and considerations u Similar to platform framing in construction – steel studs – base/plates – steel trusses

Concrete Masonry Construction u Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) – durable, economical material, excellent structural values, poor insulation values u Classifications – hollow – load bearing (ASTM C 90) – solid load-bearing – nonload-bearing (solid or hollow) u Solid Masonry = 75% solid material in cross-section – positions: solider, rowlock, sailor, stretcher, header shiner

Concrete Masonry Shapes

Solid Masonry (Brick) Positions

Structural Components u Floor Systems – conventional framing (Stick Built) – terminology u Floor Bracing – Mid span – End bracing u Framed Wall Construction – bearing walls – nonbearing walls – exterior finishes

Conventional Floor Framing u Conventional terms (Stick) framing basic – mud sill – sole plate(sill) – floor joist – rim joist – anchor bolt u Floor Joist – Solid – TJI – Open web

Floor Bracing u End Bracing – Rim Joist – Blocking

Floor Bracing u Bracing at midspan – solid blocking – cross blocking » wood » metal

Framed Wall Construction u Definition: Bearing walls u Definition: Nonbearing walls

Window/Door Framing Terms u Header Double Plate Cripple Stud or Jack Stud Header – supports structure above windows u Header Jack (trimmer) – supports header u Cripple Studs (jack stud) u Double Plate u Rough Sill(sub sill) u King stud – additional stud to trim out window Header Jack or Trimmer

Framed Wall Construction Shear Wall Design u Resistance to lateral forces resulting from earthquakes or wind u Connections: – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 sheathing to joist to top wall edge nailing tie-down straps anchor/shear bolts

Exterior Finishes u Wood Siding u Cement Board Siding u Steel Siding u Vinyl Siding u Stucco u Exterior Insulation Finish System (EIFS)

Wood Siding u Various sizes and Shapes – Solid wood – T 1 -11(plywood) » 4’x 8’ sheets – Masonnite Lapboard » 8 -12” x 16’

Cement Board Siding u Has texture and look of wood siding but is more weather resistant.

Steel & Vinyl Siding u Higher in Cost and Lower in Maintenance – no painting u. A variety of wood textures and patterns u Longer lasting than wood but some Concerns: – expansion – denting – cracking – rusting

Cement Stucco Least expensive sheathing vs. open frame building paper wire fabric lath furring nails drip screed 3 coats of plaster finish brown scratch

Exterior Insulated Finish System (EIFS)

Roof Construction u Basic terms: – slope/pitch--incline of roof – roof member terms--structure of roof – eave/cornice--detail showing wall to roof const – fascia--visible member attached to end of rafters – ridge--top of roof – sheathing--material covering the top of rafters – rafter/ceiling joist--structure framing of roof – soffit--underneath side of roof overhang – vents--in soffit, allows air circulation in attic

Eave and Cornice Detail Terms

Slope vs. Pitch u Slope = Rise/Run Text book error (noted as pitch symbol) – expressed as a ratio – always a base of 12 – placed on dwg. 12 4 • Pitch = Rise/Span • expressed as fraction • reduce to smallest fraction • not placed on drawing, helpful to carpenter Slope symbol

Roof Member Terminology VALLEY JACK RAFTER

Metal Framing Connectors • Keeps structural members from separating