Exposure Assessment in the Context of Epidemiological Risk

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Exposure Assessment in the Context of Epidemiological Risk Analysis J. R. Nuckols, Ph. D

Exposure Assessment in the Context of Epidemiological Risk Analysis J. R. Nuckols, Ph. D Emeritus Professor of Environmental Health Sciences Colorado State University Associate Affiliate Faculty Colorado Water Institute Principal, JRN Environmental Health Sciences, Ltd. North Bethesda, Maryland, USA jnuckols@colostate. edu Ph 970. 218. 4757 Fx 301. 560. 8589

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ADVANCED SYSTEMS LABORATORY EST 1992 MISSION: IMPROVE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY BYPRODUCTS

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ADVANCED SYSTEMS LABORATORY EST 1992 MISSION: IMPROVE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY BYPRODUCTS OF WATER DISINFECTION NON-OCCUPATIONAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURE APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

“By its very nature, environmental epidemiology requires integration of health, earth, engineering, and mathematical

“By its very nature, environmental epidemiology requires integration of health, earth, engineering, and mathematical sciences…” • RISK • ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMILOGY • CONTAMINANT

My Specific Focus: IWSI Symposium • Cumulative Risk: Where there is nutrient enrichment of

My Specific Focus: IWSI Symposium • Cumulative Risk: Where there is nutrient enrichment of surface and groundwaters, there are usually companion contaminants associated with the source. • Cumulative Impact: Degraded water resources result in increase health care costs and diminished quality of life. – increased prevalence of waterborne contaminant exposure and disease – lack of access to healthy environments for recreational purposes – fouling of prime agricultural and natural lands (reducing production, increasing pesticide use and/or ecological exposure) – Exposure to toxic pass through or secondary contaminants in “finished” water supply by conventional treatment. • Prevention: Source protection by far the most effective and efficient means of reducing ecologic, economic, and societal costs. • Advocate: Implementation of the Clean Water Rule (FR 80 -124, June 29, 2015) as extension of the Clean Water Act (CWA)

Drinking water nitrate and health • MCL of 10 mg/L NO 3 -N (~44

Drinking water nitrate and health • MCL of 10 mg/L NO 3 -N (~44 mg/L NO 3) based on methemoglobinemia in infants • Ingested nitrate can form N-nitroso compounds – Most are carcinogenic and teratogen • Nitrate also inhibits iodine uptake by the thyroid • Epidemiologic studies - strongest evidence for: – Thyroid disease (hypothyroidism) – Colorectal cancer – Neural tube defects Source: Ward et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018

Transaction Exposure Operating Exposure Translation Exposure TRANSACTION EXPOSURETransaction Exposure Operating Exposure Translation Exposure TRANSACTION EXPOSURE
Risk Assessment Risk Assessment Why is Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment Risk Assessment Why is Risk Assessment
Risk assessment Risk Assessment is required Risk assessmentRisk assessment Risk Assessment is required Risk assessment
Risk Risk Depends on Exposure Toxicity Exposure HowRisk Risk Depends on Exposure Toxicity Exposure How