Exploring Your Surname Presented by Katherine Borges Sponsored

Surnames How did they come about? n Learning about surnames can assist your genealogical research n Historical development n Emergence of variants n Frequency and distribution n DNA testing to make discoveries n 2

Formation of Surnames At one time most people had only a single name n Society became more complex and population increased n Surname came about in different countries at different times n The process of the formation of surnames was different in different countries n Not all countries use surnames n 3

Formation of Surnames Hereditary surnames n Not all countries use hereditary surnames n Name form varies n 4

Formation of Surnames in England Major period 1250 -1450 Cities -> rural areas South -> North 5

How Did Someone Get a Surname? n John de Leek John Leek n Locative surnames Topographical surnames n Toponymic surnames n 6

Occupational Surnames John le Clerk Smith Fuller Walker Cheeseman Draper Thatcher 7

Patronymic John His son Thomas becomes Thomas Johnson 8

Nickname or Physical Appearance Fox Longfellow Redhead Toogood 9

Other Sources of Surnames Post holder n Diminutive forename n Genitive n 10

Surname Evolution Spelling not standardized n Illiterate population n Change of clergy n Migration n Emergence of variants: A new spelling continued n 11

Great Vowel Shift Change of pronunciation 1450 -1700 12

Add It All Together The result is: n Surname evolution n Variants 13

de Rycotes Rycketes Ricketts 14

Inconsistent Spelling Even though the source is a manor de Rucote de Rycote de Rukote de Ruycote 15

No Ricketts Recordings Found Prior to 1600 1223 Oxonia n Radulfus Hareng, Hugo de Wichull, Matheus de Bixstrop, et Fulco de Rucot assignati sunt justiciarii ad assisam nove dissaisine capiendam apud Oxoniam die Mercurii proxinia post festum Sancti Johannis Baptiste, quani Willelmus Pagani arainiavit coram justiciariis itinerantibus versus Simonem Munekin, [substituted for ' Roberturn Medicuni. '] Henricum Medicurn, [substituted for ' fratrem ejus. 'J Gileberfcum Makeblithe, Robertum Muriweder Johanneni Magnum et Mariam que fuit uxor Ricardi Pagani, de tenemento in Cheping Norton. Teste H. etc. apud Wudestok, [Woodstock today] xvj die Junii. Source: Patent Rolls, Henry III, Vol. I, pp. 39516 396

Surname and Place Name Evolution One path for surname evolution Another path for place name evolution 17

Multiple Paths for Surname Evolution Multiple surname forms one root n Multiple roots for one surname form n Rare surnames are late forming variants n 18

The Value of an Explicit Alias Example: Meate (Myot) 19

Points of Origin Multiple origin n Single origin n 20

Where Is Your Surname Found Today? On-line global mapping n On-line telephone directories n 21

Global Mapping www. publicprofiler. org/worldnames 22

Map of Ricketts 23

Map of Ricketts in Argentina 24

Map of Ricketts in New Zealand 25

Map of Ricketts in Ireland 26

Finding the Ancestral County Is a country ancestral or destination or both? 27

Mate 28

Myatt 29

Surname Atlas Map of Myatt 30

Map of Myatt at Ancestry. com 31

Identifying a Surname Origin n n n Surname distribution mapping for multiple time periods Collect early records Explicit alias to identify other surname forms Identify or construct family trees DNA testing Identify illegitimacy, name change, informal adoption, and infidelity Ultimate confirmation 32

Another Source of Information About a Surname dictionaries 33

One-Name Study n n n n The study of a surname and variants Usually global in scope Collecting all occurrences Constructing family trees Mapping Early records Search for the origin and meaning Help other genealogists who have the surname in their tree 34

Guild of One-Name Studies London, England Over 2, 300 members worldwide n Researching over 7, 800 surnames n www. one-name. org 35

DNA An extremely valuable tool 36

DNA Tests for Genealogists Y-DNA n mt. DNA n 37

Y-DNA Follows the direct male line n Males only n Y chromosome is passed from father to son n Follows the path of most hereditary surnames n 38

Y-DNA Passed from Father to Son 39

37 -Marker Y-DNA Result 12 22 15 10 13 15 11 14 11 12 11 28 15 8 9 8 11 24 16 20 29 12 14 15 15 10 10 20 21 14 14 16 19 34 35 12 10 40

The Y-DNA Surname Link Is Broken By: Name change n Adoption n Infidelity n Illegitimacy taking mother’s surname n 41

Benefits of DNA Testing Benefits of DNA testing for genealogists n Benefits of DNA testing combined with a one-name study n 42

Benefits of DNA Testing for Genealogists Discover information n Resolve brick walls n Sort out families at the same location n Validate family history research n 43

Benefits of DNA Testing Combined with a One-Name Study Part 1 of 2 Discover which family trees are related n Find a DNA link to the ancestral country n Confirm surname variants or find previously unknown variants n Discover information about the evolution of the surname n 44

Benefits of DNA Testing Combined with a One-Name Study Part 2 of 2 n n Discover information to define the major branches of the tree going back to the origin of the surname Discover clues regarding the origin of the surname Combine results with research in early records to determine the number of points of origin for the surname Preserve DNA results for future research, to protect against any male line becoming extinct 45

Benefits of DNA Testing Combine with a One-Name Study Discover which family trees are related 46

Benefits of DNA Testing Combine with a One-Name Study Find a DNA link to the ancestral country 47

Benefits of DNA Testing Combine with a One-Name Study Confirm surname variants or find previously unknown variants 48

Benefits of DNA Testing Combine with a One-Name Study Discover information about the evolution of the surname 49

Benefits of DNA Testing Combine with a One-Name Study Discover information to define the major branches of the tree going back to the origin of the surname 50

Benefits of DNA Testing Combine with a One-Name Study n. Discover clues regarding the origin of the surname n. Example: Meatte surname found only in the USA 51

Benefits of DNA Testing Combine with a One-Name Study Combine DNA results with research in early records and surname distribution maps to determine the number of points of origin for the surname 52

Benefits of DNA Testing Combine with a One-Name Study Preserve DNA results for future research, to protect against any male line becoming extinct 53