Exploring Wind Energy What Makes Wind Global Wind

Exploring Wind Energy

What Makes Wind

Global Wind Patterns

History of Wind Energy 5000 BC 500 -900 AD 1300 AD Sailboats used on First windmills First horizontalthe Nile indicate developed in axis the power of wind Persia windmills in Europe 1888 Charles F. Brush used windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, OH 1985 CA wind capacity exceeded 1, 000 MW Early 1900 s Windmills in CA pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds 1993 US Wind. Power developed first commercial variablespeed wind turbine 1850 s Daniel Halladay and John Burnham build Halladay Windmill; start US Wind Engine Company 1941 In VT, Grandpa’s Knob turbine supplies power to town during WWII Late 1880 s Thomas O. Perry conducted 5, 000 wind experiments; starts Aermotor Company 1979 First wind turbine rated over 1 MW began operating 2004 2013 Electricity from Wind power provided wind generation over 17% of renewable costs 3 to 4. 5 cents energy used in US per k. Wh

Why Wind Energy? o Clean, zero emissions - NOx, SO 2, CO 2 - Air quality, water quality - Climate change o Reduce fossil fuel dependence - Energy independence - Domestic energy—national security o Renewable - No fuel-price volatility

Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide The NEED Project 2015 US DOE, EERE 2013 Renewable Energy Data Book

US Electricity Generation from Non-Hydro Renewables 300 Geothermal 250 Waste Wood Solar Thermal Million kilowatt-hours 200 Solar Photovoltaic Wind 150 100 50 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013

Top Wind Power Producing States, 2013 Ran k State Thousand MWh Rank State Thousa nd MWh 1 Texas 35, 937 14 Indiana 3, 483 2 Iowa 15, 571 15 Pennsylvania 3, 339 3 California 13, 230 16 South Dakota 2, 688 4 Oklahoma 10, 881 17 Idaho 2, 545 5 Illinois 9, 607 18 Michigan 2, 524 6 Kansas 9, 430 19 New Mexico 2, 188 7 Minnesota 8, 065 20 Nebraska 1, 799 8 Oregon 7, 452 21 Montana 1, 661 9 Colorado 7, 382 22 Wisconsin 1, 562 10 Washington North 11 Dakota 7, 008 23 West Virginia 1, 391 5, 530 24 Missouri 1, 168 12 Wyoming 4, 415 25 Ohio 1, 137 13 New York 3, 548 Project 2015 The NEED

Annual Installed U. S. Wind Power Capacity AWEA U. S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2013

Installed Wind Capacities 1999 -Present Total: 61, 946 MW As of 6/30/2014 1999 Total: 2, 500 MW

Top Twenty States for Wind Energy Potential Rank State 1 Texas 2 Potential Installed Capacity (MW) Rank State Potential Installed Capacity (MW) 1, 901, 530 11 New Mexico 492, 083 Kansas 952, 371 12 Minnesota 489, 271 3 Montana 944, 004 13 Colorado 387, 220 4 Nebraska 917, 999 14 Missouri 274, 355 5 South Dakota 882, 412 15 Illinois 249, 882 6 North Dakota 770, 196 16 Indiana 148, 228 7 Iowa 570, 714 17 Wisconsin 103, 757 8 Wyoming 552, 073 18 Michigan 59, 042 9 Oklahoma 516, 822 19 Ohio 54, 920 10 Alaska 494, 703 20 California 34, 110

U. S. Wind Resource Map

Transmission Challenges

China Leads the World in Wind Capacity Total Installed Generating Capacity (MW) Top 5 Countries for 2013 New Installed Capacity 1. China 2. Germany 3. United Kingdom 4. India 5. Canada

Why Such Growth? …costs are low! • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements 1979 40 cents/k. Wh 2000 4 -6 cents/k. Wh 2004 3 -4. 5 cents/k. Wh 2011 Less than 5 cents/k. Wh

Modern Wind Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor. The NEED Project 2014

Vertical-Axis Turbines Advantages Disadvantages o Omni-directional - accepts wind from any direction o Components can be mounted at ground level - ease of service - lighter weight towers o Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind o Rotors generally near ground where wind is poorer o Centrifugal force stresses blades o Poor self-starting capabilities o Requires support at top of turbine rotor o Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings o Overall poor performance and reliability

Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines Small (<10 k. W) o. Homes o. Farms o. Remote Applications (e. g. , water pumping, Telecom sites, ice making) Intermediate(10 -250 k. W) o. Village Power o. Hybrid Systems o. Distributed Power Large (250 k. W-2+ MW) o. Central Station Wind Farms o. Distributed Power o. Schools

Large Wind Turbines § Common Utility-Scale Turbines 328’ base to blade Each blade is 112’ 200 tons total Foundation 20’ deep Rated at 1. 5 -2 megawatts o Supply about 500 homes o o o

Wind Turbine Components

How a Wind Turbine Operates The NEED Project 2014

Installation of Wind Turbines The NEED Project 2014

Wind Turbine Perspective Workers Blade 112’ long Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections The NEED Project 2014

Wind Farms

Offshore Wind Farms

Residential Wind Systems and Net Metering

Potential Impacts and Issues § § § Property Values Noise Visual Impact Land Use Wildlife Impact Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.

Impacts of Wind Power: Noise The NEED Project 201

Wildlife Impacts

For More Information The NEED Project www. need. org info@need. org 1 -800 -875 -5029 Energy Information Administration U. S. Department of Energy www. eia. gov The NEED Project 2014

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