Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 3 http www eslkidstuff

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 -3 http: //www. eslkidstuff. com/images/tallshort. gif http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/genetics%20 tutorial. htm

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences the ______________. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” = ____________ provide the plan Genes ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also depends on _______conditions. environmental _______

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have choices ______ MORE than 2 allele _____ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = __________ EX: blood type B ___ O A ___ Allele choices ___

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by MORE THAN ONE GENE ______________ POLYGENIC TRAIT = _________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http: //www. bcps. org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow. JPG

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ______ MORE than ONE gene have _________ many “______” in-between phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________ whole range of intelligences in-between http: //www. newtonswindow. com/problem-solving. htm

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE __________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ CO-DOMINANCE __________

COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant allele _______ masks _____ the ______ recessive one PATTERN ? Recessive allele ______ returns in a _____ratio in the 3: 1 ____ F 2 generation http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE expected _____ 3: 1 ratio in F 2 generation Heterozygous organisms with one _______ dominant and one recessive allele show a _____ BLENDED in-between trait Image modified from: http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

CO-DOMINANCE BOTH traits are expressed at _______ SAME TIME (___________) in heterozygote NO BLENDING ROAN A ____HORSE has _______ BOTH RED hair and _____ WHITE hair side by side

CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

REMEMBER Membrane proteins with _______ sugars attached that help cells recognize self = _______ GLYCOPROTEINS http: //www. mannanw. com/super-sugars. htm

BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = _____________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: A B O _____

BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE AA AO BB BO OO AB PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) A A B B O AB

DONOR BLOOD A and AB see A as “like me” Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!

DONOR BLOOD B and AB see B as “like me” Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!

DONOR BLOOD O can donate to ____ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ___________ UNIVERSAL DONOR Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg

DONOR BLOOD Only AB sees AB as “like me” Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!

AB can only GIVE to AB BUT. . . AB can RECEIVE FROM ______ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ____________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT Body image modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg

BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A B AB O 40% 10% 4% 46% http: //www. reachoutmichigan. org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/Bld. Typing. html

ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE + Rh Rh

OTHER BLOOD TYPES __________ IF: NO PROBLEMS Rh+ MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh+ Image modified from: http: //www. wsd 1. org/lessonplans/images/Body. gif MOM is _____ Rh+ & BABY is ____ Rh-

PROBLEM IF: Can be a ______ Mom is _____ Rh- Baby is _____ Rh+ 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this Image modified from: http: //www. wsd 1. org/lessonplans/images/Body. gif

DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits) http: //mac 122. icu. ac. jp/BIOBK/Bio. Bookgenintro. html

Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

MAKING A CROSS with TWO gene traits __________= DIHYBRID CROSS __________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

Figure 11 -10 Independent Assortment in Peas Section 11 -3 Go to Section:

LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND RRYY HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED rryy 1. Figure ______ are out what _________ parent alleles 2. Choose ____correct_____ Punnett square _____ size 3. Put ______ in possible____________ parent gametes 4. Fill ______ in boxes with ___________ offspring combinations 5. Determine ______of_______& probabilities phenotypes ______ genotypes

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT _____________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors Image modified from: http: //anthro. palomar. edu/mendel_1. htm

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW RRYY Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R Y RY ____________ RY _______

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN rryy Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene r y ry ____________ ry _______

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R Y r y r. Y ____________ Ry _______

ry ry RY Rr. Yy Rr. Yy genotype 100% of offspring = _______ ROUND YELLOW phenotype ____________

MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy X HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy

POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RY ry r. Y Ry

RY Ry r. Y ry RRYY RRYy Rr. YY Rr. Yy ____ 9 Round & Yellow Ry RRYy RRyy Rr. Yy Rryy 3 Round & ____ green r. Y Rr. Yy rr. YY rr. Yy 3 Wrinkled ____ & yellow rryy 1 wrinkled ____ & green RY ry Rr. Yy Rryy rr. Yy heterozygous dihybrid cross is a Sign of a ___________ 9: 3: 3: 1 ratio in offspring.

____ 9 ______ dominant TRAIT 1 ; ______ dominant TRAIT 2 3 ______ dominant TRAIT 1; _______ recessive ____ TRAIT 2 recessive TRAIT 1; _______ dominant 3 ______ TRAIT 2 1 ______ recessive TRAIT 1; _______ recessive 9: 3: 3: 1 _____ratio is a clue that it’s a ______________cross HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

What are the possible gametes? RRTT pure round & pure tall = _____ R T ______ RT What gametes can it produce?

Tt. RR Heterozygous Tall = _____ & pure round What are the possible gametes? ____ T R ____ t R ______ TR What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes? Ttrr = _____ Hybrid tall & pure wrinkled ____ T r ____ t r ______ Tr What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes? t. Rr =T _____ Heterozygous tall & hybrid round ____ T R ____ t r _____ t R ______ Tr What gametes can it produce?

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9 -12. L. 1. 1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Storage and transfer of genetic information

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring; High school students performing at the BASIC level identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9 -12. L. 2. 1 A. Students are able to predict the results of complex inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance