Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 3 http www eslkidstuff

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Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 -3 http: //www. eslkidstuff. com/images/tallshort. gif http: //sps. k 12.

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 -3 http: //www. eslkidstuff. com/images/tallshort. gif http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/genetics%20 tutorial. htm

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences the ______________. expression of genes

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences the ______________. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” = ____________ provide the plan Genes ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also depends on _______conditions. environmental _______

Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” • Color of hydrangea flowers varies depending on

Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” • Color of hydrangea flowers varies depending on p. H of soil Images from: http: //www. gardensablaze. com/Shrubs. Hydrangea. htm

Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” • Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits have dark

Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” • Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits have dark colored fur on their extremities • Allele that controls pigment production only functions at the lower temperatures Images from slide show by Tracy Nelson

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have choices ______ MORE than

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have choices ______ MORE than 2 allele _____ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = __________ EX: blood type B ___ O A ___ Allele choices ___

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by MORE THAN

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by MORE THAN ONE GENE ______________ POLYGENIC TRAIT = _________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http: //www. bcps. org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow. JPG

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ______ MORE than ONE

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ______ MORE than ONE gene have _________ many “______” in-between phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________ whole range of intelligences in-between http: //www. newtonswindow. com/problem-solving. htm

In a population, polygenic traits produces a _______ bell-shape curve

In a population, polygenic traits produces a _______ bell-shape curve

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE __________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE __________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ CO-DOMINANCE __________

COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant allele _______ masks _____ the ______ recessive one PATTERN ? Recessive

COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant allele _______ masks _____ the ______ recessive one PATTERN ? Recessive allele ______ returns in a _____ratio in the 3: 1 ____ F 2 generation http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

Image modified from: http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Heterozygous

Image modified from: http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Heterozygous _______ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a BLENDED _____ in-between trait Expected _____ 3: 1 ratio in F 2 generation is ______ GONE

CO-DOMINANCE BOTH traits are expressed at _______ SAME TIME (___________) in heterozygote NO BLENDING

CO-DOMINANCE BOTH traits are expressed at _______ SAME TIME (___________) in heterozygote NO BLENDING ROAN A ____HORSE has _______ BOTH RED hair and _____ WHITE hair side by side

Other Examples of Co-Dominance Rhododendron • Both pink allele and white allele are expressed

Other Examples of Co-Dominance Rhododendron • Both pink allele and white allele are expressed Red Blood Cells • Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB http: //www. business-opportunities. biz/2014/04/24/no-more-blood-banks-growing-red-blood-cells/

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________ Sex chromosomes http: //www.

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________ Sex chromosomes http: //www. angelbabygifts. com/ All other chromosomes = _________ autosomes Humans have two sex chromosomes X y and _____ 44 autosomes

SEX DETERMINATION XX = female Xy = male

SEX DETERMINATION XX = female Xy = male

Who decides? Mom can give X Dad can give X or y X XX

Who decides? Mom can give X Dad can give X or y X XX XX y Xy Xy Dad determines sex of the baby. SO ____ If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy

HEMOPHILIA CAUSE: clotting proteins Mutation in genes for Blood _________ carried ______ on X

HEMOPHILIA CAUSE: clotting proteins Mutation in genes for Blood _________ carried ______ on X chromosome Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when bleed to death from minor injured; can ________ cuts or suffer internal bleeding from bruises or bumps.

HEMOPHILIA Treatment: Need ______ injections of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding More common

HEMOPHILIA Treatment: Need ______ injections of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding More common in _______ males because it is ______ TWO recessive X-linked, but females with ______ hemophilia alleles will also show the trait. 1 in 10, 000 males has hemophilia

COLORBLINDNESS CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for Color vision carried on X

COLORBLINDNESS CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for Color vision carried on X chromosome ________ Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors. Red-green _________ colorblindness is most common Seen in 10 males 1 in 100 females http: //gizmodo. com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306. php

Males ONLY HAVE ONE X DEFECTIVE They either have the disorder NORMAL Or They

Males ONLY HAVE ONE X DEFECTIVE They either have the disorder NORMAL Or They don’t

FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES NORMAL DEFECTIVE Females have one normal gene that works.

FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES NORMAL DEFECTIVE Females have one normal gene that works. DEFECTIVE Femalesneed ____ 2 defective recessiv alleles to show the

The X chromosome in males. . . flies WITHOUT a copilot!. . . there’s

The X chromosome in males. . . flies WITHOUT a copilot!. . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

X-linked cross Xb Dad is not XB colorblind Mom is colorblind y Xb XB

X-linked cross Xb Dad is not XB colorblind Mom is colorblind y Xb XB Xb Xb y What is the probability of having a colorblind boy? All boys will be colorblind What is the probability of having a colorblind girl? No girls will be colorblind

Girls with this genotype: XB Xb don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a

Girls with this genotype: XB Xb don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X. BUT. . They can pass the gene onto their offspring.

A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic doesn’t disorder, but

A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic doesn’t disorder, but ____ show the trait themselves is called a _______ CARRIER http: //www. biochem. arizona. edu/classes/bioc 460/spring/rlm/RLM 36. 1. html

DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits) http: //mac 122. icu. ac. jp/BIOBK/Bio. Bookgenintro. html

DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits) http: //mac 122. icu. ac. jp/BIOBK/Bio. Bookgenintro. html

Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is

Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

MAKING A CROSS with TWO gene traits __________= DIHYBRID CROSS __________ A Punnett square

MAKING A CROSS with TWO gene traits __________= DIHYBRID CROSS __________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

Figure 11 -10 Independent Assortment in Peas Section 11 -3 Go to Section:

Figure 11 -10 Independent Assortment in Peas Section 11 -3 Go to Section:

LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND RRYY HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED rryy 1.

LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND RRYY HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED rryy 1. Figure ______ are out what _________ parent alleles 2. Choose ____correct_____ Punnett square _____ size 3. Put ______ in possible____________ parent gametes 4. Fill ______ in boxes with ___________ offspring combinations 5. Determine ______of_______& probabilities phenotypes ______ genotypes

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT _____________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT _____________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors Image modified from: http: //anthro. palomar. edu/mendel_1. htm

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS ROUND

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW RRYY Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R Y RY ____________ RY _______

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN rryy Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene r y ry ____________ ry _______

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HETEROZYGOUS ROUND

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R Y r y r. Y ____________ Ry _______

ry ry RY Rr. Yy Rr. Yy genotype 100% of offspring = _______ ROUND

ry ry RY Rr. Yy Rr. Yy genotype 100% of offspring = _______ ROUND YELLOW phenotype ____________

MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy X HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy

MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy X HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy

POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RY ry r. Y Ry

POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RY ry r. Y Ry

RY Ry r. Y ry RRYY RRYy Rr. YY Rr. Yy ____ 9 Round

RY Ry r. Y ry RRYY RRYy Rr. YY Rr. Yy ____ 9 Round & Yellow Ry RRYy RRyy Rr. Yy Rryy 3 Round & ____ green r. Y Rr. Yy rr. YY rr. Yy 3 Wrinkled ____ & yellow rryy 1 wrinkled ____ & green RY ry Rr. Yy Rryy rr. Yy heterozygous dihybrid cross is a Sign of a ___________ 9: 3: 3: 1 ratio in offspring.

____ 9 ______ dominant TRAIT 1 ; ______ dominant TRAIT 2 3 ______ dominant

____ 9 ______ dominant TRAIT 1 ; ______ dominant TRAIT 2 3 ______ dominant TRAIT 1; _______ recessive ____ TRAIT 2 recessive TRAIT 1; _______ dominant 3 ______ TRAIT 2 1 ______ recessive TRAIT 1; _______ recessive 9: 3: 3: 1 _____ratio is a clue that it’s a ______________cross HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

What are the possible gametes? RRTT pure round & pure tall = _____ R

What are the possible gametes? RRTT pure round & pure tall = _____ R T ______ RT What gametes can it produce?

 Tt. RR Heterozygous Tall = _____ & pure round What are the possible

Tt. RR Heterozygous Tall = _____ & pure round What are the possible gametes? ____ T R ____ t R ______ TR What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes? Ttrr = _____ Hybrid tall & pure wrinkled ____

What are the possible gametes? Ttrr = _____ Hybrid tall & pure wrinkled ____ T r ____ t r ______ Tr What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes? t. Rr =T _____ Heterozygous tall & hybrid round

What are the possible gametes? t. Rr =T _____ Heterozygous tall & hybrid round ____ T R ____ t r _____ t R ______ Tr What gametes can it produce?

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions,

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9 -12. L. 1. 1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Storage and transfer of genetic information

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring; High school students performing at the BASIC level identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9 -12. L. 2. 1 A. Students are able to predict the results of complex inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance