Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 3 http www eslkidstuff
- Slides: 47
Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 -3 http: //www. eslkidstuff. com/images/tallshort. gif http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/genetics%20 tutorial. htm
GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences the ______________. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” = ____________ provide the plan Genes ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also depends on _______conditions. environmental _______
Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” • Color of hydrangea flowers varies depending on p. H of soil Images from: http: //www. gardensablaze. com/Shrubs. Hydrangea. htm
Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” • Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits have dark colored fur on their extremities • Allele that controls pigment production only functions at the lower temperatures Images from slide show by Tracy Nelson
GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have choices ______ MORE than 2 allele _____ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = __________ EX: blood type B ___ O A ___ Allele choices ___
GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by MORE THAN ONE GENE ______________ POLYGENIC TRAIT = _________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http: //www. bcps. org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow. JPG
GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ______ MORE than ONE gene have _________ many “______” in-between phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________ whole range of intelligences in-between http: //www. newtonswindow. com/problem-solving. htm
In a population, polygenic traits produces a _______ bell-shape curve
GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE __________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ CO-DOMINANCE __________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant allele _______ masks _____ the ______ recessive one PATTERN ? Recessive allele ______ returns in a _____ratio in the 3: 1 ____ F 2 generation http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html
Image modified from: http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE Heterozygous _______ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a BLENDED _____ in-between trait Expected _____ 3: 1 ratio in F 2 generation is ______ GONE
CO-DOMINANCE BOTH traits are expressed at _______ SAME TIME (___________) in heterozygote NO BLENDING ROAN A ____HORSE has _______ BOTH RED hair and _____ WHITE hair side by side
Other Examples of Co-Dominance Rhododendron • Both pink allele and white allele are expressed Red Blood Cells • Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB http: //www. business-opportunities. biz/2014/04/24/no-more-blood-banks-growing-red-blood-cells/
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________ Sex chromosomes http: //www. angelbabygifts. com/ All other chromosomes = _________ autosomes Humans have two sex chromosomes X y and _____ 44 autosomes
SEX DETERMINATION XX = female Xy = male
Who decides? Mom can give X Dad can give X or y X XX XX y Xy Xy Dad determines sex of the baby. SO ____ If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy
HEMOPHILIA CAUSE: clotting proteins Mutation in genes for Blood _________ carried ______ on X chromosome Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when bleed to death from minor injured; can ________ cuts or suffer internal bleeding from bruises or bumps.
HEMOPHILIA Treatment: Need ______ injections of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding More common in _______ males because it is ______ TWO recessive X-linked, but females with ______ hemophilia alleles will also show the trait. 1 in 10, 000 males has hemophilia
COLORBLINDNESS CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for Color vision carried on X chromosome ________ Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors. Red-green _________ colorblindness is most common Seen in 10 males 1 in 100 females http: //gizmodo. com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306. php
Males ONLY HAVE ONE X DEFECTIVE They either have the disorder NORMAL Or They don’t
FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES NORMAL DEFECTIVE Females have one normal gene that works. DEFECTIVE Femalesneed ____ 2 defective recessiv alleles to show the
The X chromosome in males. . . flies WITHOUT a copilot!. . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!
X-linked cross Xb Dad is not XB colorblind Mom is colorblind y Xb XB Xb Xb y What is the probability of having a colorblind boy? All boys will be colorblind What is the probability of having a colorblind girl? No girls will be colorblind
Girls with this genotype: XB Xb don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X. BUT. . They can pass the gene onto their offspring.
A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic doesn’t disorder, but ____ show the trait themselves is called a _______ CARRIER http: //www. biochem. arizona. edu/classes/bioc 460/spring/rlm/RLM 36. 1. html
DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits) http: //mac 122. icu. ac. jp/BIOBK/Bio. Bookgenintro. html
Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?
MAKING A CROSS with TWO gene traits __________= DIHYBRID CROSS __________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:
Figure 11 -10 Independent Assortment in Peas Section 11 -3 Go to Section:
LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND RRYY HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED rryy 1. Figure ______ are out what _________ parent alleles 2. Choose ____correct_____ Punnett square _____ size 3. Put ______ in possible____________ parent gametes 4. Fill ______ in boxes with ___________ offspring combinations 5. Determine ______of_______& probabilities phenotypes ______ genotypes
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT _____________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors Image modified from: http: //anthro. palomar. edu/mendel_1. htm
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW RRYY Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R Y RY ____________ RY _______
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN rryy Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene r y ry ____________ ry _______
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R Y r y r. Y ____________ Ry _______
ry ry RY Rr. Yy Rr. Yy genotype 100% of offspring = _______ ROUND YELLOW phenotype ____________
MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy X HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Rr. Yy
POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RY ry r. Y Ry
RY Ry r. Y ry RRYY RRYy Rr. YY Rr. Yy ____ 9 Round & Yellow Ry RRYy RRyy Rr. Yy Rryy 3 Round & ____ green r. Y Rr. Yy rr. YY rr. Yy 3 Wrinkled ____ & yellow rryy 1 wrinkled ____ & green RY ry Rr. Yy Rryy rr. Yy heterozygous dihybrid cross is a Sign of a ___________ 9: 3: 3: 1 ratio in offspring.
____ 9 ______ dominant TRAIT 1 ; ______ dominant TRAIT 2 3 ______ dominant TRAIT 1; _______ recessive ____ TRAIT 2 recessive TRAIT 1; _______ dominant 3 ______ TRAIT 2 1 ______ recessive TRAIT 1; _______ recessive 9: 3: 3: 1 _____ratio is a clue that it’s a ______________cross HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html
What are the possible gametes? RRTT pure round & pure tall = _____ R T ______ RT What gametes can it produce?
Tt. RR Heterozygous Tall = _____ & pure round What are the possible gametes? ____ T R ____ t R ______ TR What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes? Ttrr = _____ Hybrid tall & pure wrinkled ____ T r ____ t r ______ Tr What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes? t. Rr =T _____ Heterozygous tall & hybrid round ____ T R ____ t r _____ t R ______ Tr What gametes can it produce?
SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9 -12. L. 1. 1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Storage and transfer of genetic information
Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring; High school students performing at the BASIC level identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;
SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change. 9 -12. L. 2. 1 A. Students are able to predict the results of complex inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance
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