Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 3 http www eslkidstuff

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11 -3 http: //www. eslkidstuff. com/images/tallshort. gif http: //sps. k 12. ar. us/massengale/genetics%20 tutorial. htm

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ______________ the ____________. = ____________ Genes ____ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on _______conditions.

Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” • Color of hydrangea flowers varies depending on p. H of soil Images from: http: //www. gardensablaze. com/Shrubs. Hydrangea. htm

Environment influences Phenotype “Nature vs Nurture” • Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits have dark colored fur on their extremities • Allele that controls pigment production only functions at the lower temperatures Images from slide show by Tracy Nelson

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ______ allele _____ = __________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ______________ = _________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http: //www. bcps. org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow. JPG

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ______ have _____ “______” phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________ of intelligences in-between http: //www. newtonswindow. com/problem-solving. htm

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________

COMPLETE DOMINANCE _____ allele _______ the ______ one PATTERN ? ______ allele ____ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE _____ expected _____ ratio in F 2 generation _______ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _____ in-between trait Image modified from: http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ______ (__________) in heterozygote A ____HORSE has _______ hair and _____ hair side by side

CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

REMEMBER Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = _______ http: //www. mannanw. com/super-sugars. htm

BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _____________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____

BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE AA AO BB BO OO AB PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE)

DONOR BLOOD A and AB see A as “like me” Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!

DONOR BLOOD B and AB see B as “like me” Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!

DONOR BLOOD ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ___________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg

DONOR BLOOD Only AB sees AB as “like me” Body images modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!

AB can only GIVE to AB BUT. . . ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ____________ Body image modified from: http: //www. new-fitness. com/images/body_shapes. jpg

BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A B AB O 40% 10% 4% 46% http: //www. reachoutmichigan. org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/Bld. Typing. html

ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE + Rh Rh

OTHER BLOOD TYPES __________ IF: MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Image modified from: http: //www. wsd 1. org/lessonplans/images/Body. gif MOM is _____ & BABY is ____

Can be a ______ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this Image modified from: http: //www. wsd 1. org/lessonplans/images/Body. gif

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________ http: //www. angelbabygifts. com/ All other chromosomes = _________ Humans have two sex chromosomes and _____ autosomes

SEX DETERMINATION XX = Xy =

Who decides? Mom can give X Dad can give X or y X X X y SO _____ determines sex of the baby. If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy

HEMOPHILIA CAUSE: Mutation in genes for _________ carried ______ chromosome Blood clotting proteins are missing so person with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when injured; can ________ from minor cuts or suffer internal bleeding from bruises or bumps.

HEMOPHILIA Treatment: Need ______ of normal clotting proteins to stop bleeding _______ in ______ because it is X-linked, but females with ______ recessive hemophilia alleles will also show the trait. 1 in 10, 000 males has hemophilia

COLORBLINDNESS CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for ________ carried on X chromosome Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors. _________ colorblindness is most common Seen in 10 males 1 in 100 females http: //gizmodo. com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306. php

Males ONLY HAVE ONE X DEFECTIVE They either have the disorder NORMAL Or They don’t

FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES NORMAL DEFECTIVE Females have one normal gene that works. DEFECTIVE Females _____ defective recessive alleles to show the disorder

The X chromosome in males. . . flies WITHOUT a copilot!. . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

X-linked cross Xb Xb Dad is not XB colorblind Mom is colorblind y What is the probability of having a colorblind boy? What is the probability of having a colorblind girl?

Girls with this genotype: XB Xb don’t show the COLORBLIND trait They have a “backup” X. BUT. . They can pass the gene onto their offspring.

A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic disorder, but ____ show the trait themselves is called a _______ http: //www. biochem. arizona. edu/classes/bioc 460/spring/rlm/RLM 36. 1. html

DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits) http: //mac 122. icu. ac. jp/BIOBK/Bio. Bookgenintro. html

Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

MAKING A CROSS with _______ traits = __________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:

Figure 11 -10 Independent Assortment in Peas Section 11 -3 Go to Section:

LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT _____________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors Image modified from: http: //anthro. palomar. edu/mendel_1. htm

LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED 1. Figure ______ are out what _________ parent alleles 2. Choose ____correct_____ Punnett square _____ size 3. Put ______ in possible____________ parent gametes 4. Fill ______ in boxes with ___________ offspring combinations 5. Determine ______of_______& probabilities phenotypes ______ genotypes

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene __ __ _____________

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene __ __ _____________

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene __ __ _____________

100% of offspring = _______ genotype ____________ phenotype

MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW

POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?

____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green Sign of a ___________ cross is a _______ ratio in offspring.

______ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____________ TRAIT 1; _______ TRAIT 2 _____ratio is a clue that it’s a ______________cross

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http: //www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Bio. Book. TOC. html

What are the possible gametes? pure round & pure tall = _____ ______ What gametes can it produce?

Heterozygous Tall = _____ & pure round What are the possible gametes? ______ What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes? = _____ Hybrid tall & pure wrinkled ______ What gametes can it produce?

What are the possible gametes? = _____ Heterozygous tall & hybrid round ______ What gametes can it produce?