Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E Berk
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Functional Age § Actual competence and performance may not match chronological age § No single biological measure can predict rate of aging © mezzotint/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Life Expectancy § Increasing in U. S. because of § steady decline in infant mortality § decrease in adult death rates § Variations due to heredity, environment: § § gender SES ethnicity nationality Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Variations in Healthy Life Expectancy § Japan ranks first: § low rates of obesity, heart disease § favorable health-care policies § U. S. lags behind: § lifestyle factors § health-care policies § In developing nations, reduced by § poverty, malnutrition, disease § armed conflict Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Average Healthy Life Expectancy at Birth Figure 17. 1 (From Salomon et al. , 2012. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Maximum Lifespan § Species-specific biological limit: § oldest verified age: 122 years § Some scientists believe upper limit not yet reached: § question: Should maximum lifespan be increased? § goal is quality, not quantity, of life Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Factors Contributing to Long Life § Heredity § Environment and lifestyle: § healthy diet, normal weight § exercise § low substance use § optimistic § toughminded, independent § social support § community involvement § learning © Catalin Petolea/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Quality of Life § Activities of Daily Living (ADLs): § basic self-care tasks § bathing, dressing, eating § Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs): § conducting business of daily life § require some cognitive competence § shopping, food preparation, housekeeping, paying bills Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Aging and the Nervous System § Loss of brain weight accelerates in sixties § Neurons lost, especially in § prefrontal cortex (executive function) § corpus callosum § cerebellum (balance) § glial cells § Autonomic nervous system less efficient § How the brain compensates: § new fibers, neurons § new connections § use more parts of brain Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Visual Impairments and Aging § Lower visual acuity § Poor dark adaptation, sensitivity to glare § Decreased color, depth perception § Cataracts § Macular degeneration © Andrew Bassett/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Aging and Visual and Hearing Impairments Figure 17. 2 (Adapted from U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012 d. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Aging Systems of the Body § Cardiovascular/respiratory systems: § heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow § less oxygen delivered to tissues § vital lung capacity reduced by half § Immune system: § effectiveness declines § more infectious, autoimmune diseases § stress-related susceptibility § Healthy diet, exercise help protect immune response Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sleep and Aging § Total sleep needs remain constant § Sleep timing changes: earlier bedtime, earlier wakening § Sleep difficulties: § insomnia § nighttime waking § Fostering restful sleep: § consistent bedtime, waking time § regular exercise § using bedroom only for sleep Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Physical Appearance and Mobility § § § Skin thinner, wrinkled, spotted Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change Lose height and weight after age 60 Muscle strength declines Bone strength drops Flexibility decreases © Tish 1/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Adapting to Physical Changes of Aging § Subjective age vs. physical age § Effective coping strategies: © Aletia/Shutterstock § prevention and compensation § sense of personal control § problem-centered coping § Assistive technology and “smart-home” design § Person–environment fit Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Stereotypes of Aging § Assumption that deterioration is inevitable: § leads to prejudice, discrimination § influenced by culture § Stereotype threat: § increases physiological response to stress § reduces functioning § Aging a source of pride in some cultures Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Factors in Good Health and Aging § § § § Self-efficacy Optimism SES Ethnicity Sex Nutrition Exercise © Stock. Lite/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Nutrition in Late Adulthood § Need extra nutrients to § protect bones, immune system § prevent free radicals § Problems with eating: © spotmatik/Shutterstock § appetite, taste changes § chewing, digestive changes § shopping, cooking § Diet high in nutrients fosters physical, cognitive health Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Exercise in Late Adulthood § Even sedentary older adults show gains with endurance training § Benefits: § physical § cognitive § self-esteem § Importance of instilling sense of control © Dubova/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sexuality in Late Adulthood § Sex remains important: § decline in frequency; fewer male partners for women § healthy couples: continued regular, enjoyable sex § Continue patterns of earlier years § Factors reducing sexual activity: § tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs may interfere § men with erection problems may stop all sexual interaction Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sexual Activity in Older Adults Figure 17. 3 (Adapted from Waite et al. , 2009. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Primary and Secondary Aging Primary (Biological) Secondary § Genetically influenced declines § Affects all members of species § Occurs even when health is good § Declines due to heredity and environment § Effects individualized: major contributor to frailty § Illnesses and disabilities: § § arthritis diabetes unintentional injuries mental disabilities Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Leading Causes of Death in Late Adulthood Figure 17. 4 (Adapted from U. S. Census Bureau, 2012 b. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Arthritis Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis § Deteriorating cartilage in frequently used joints § Common, related to wear and tear § Autoimmune response § Involves whole body § Inflammation of connective tissue § Cartilage tissue grows: § deformed joints § loss of mobility Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Adult-Onset Diabetes § Too little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin § Incidence rises with age as a result of § heredity § inactivity, abdominal fat § Risk of long-term damage to § circulatory system § eyes, kidneys, nerves § brain § Treatment: diet, exercise, weight loss Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Accidents in Late Adulthood Motor vehicle § Vision problems, slower reactions Falls § Vision, balance, strength problems § Risk of hip fracture § Limits mobility, social contact © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood § Dementia: impairments of thought and behavior that disrupt everyday life: § Alzheimer’s disease § cerebrovascular dementia: result of strokes § Misdiagnosed or reversible dementia: © Budimir Jevtic/Shutterstock § depression § medication side effects Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Alzheimer’s Disease Incidence § Higher with age: nearly 45% over age 85 § Forgetting, disorientation, personality change, Symptoms depression, motor problems, delusions, speech problems, infections Brain § Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in changes cerebral cortex, synapse deterioration § Genetic predisposition Risk factors § High-fat diet § Lifestyle factors § Education, active lifestyle Protective § Mediterranean diet factors § Active social life Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Help for Caregivers of Elders with Dementia § Knowledge about disease, available resources § Coping strategies § Caregiving skills § Respite § Intervention programs © Miriam Doerr/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Long-Term Care in Late Adulthood § More common with advanced age: § severe disorders § loss of support network § Varies by SES, ethnic group § Alternatives: § home care by family § assisted living § home-helper systems © Robert Kneschke/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Selective Optimization with Compensation © Barna Tanko/Shutterstock Select § Choose personally valued activities, avoid others Optimize § Devote diminishing resources to valued activities Compensate § Find creative ways to overcome limitations Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Deliberate vs. Automatic Memory Deliberate Automatic § Episodic memory lapses: § Recognition easier than recall: § slower cognitive processing § poor attention to context § Recall declines: § harder to remember source of information § temporal memory suffers § environmental supports § Implicit memory better than explicit memory: § depends on familiarity, not conscious awareness Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Associative Memory Deficit in Late Adulthood § Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information § Helpful strategies: § memory cues § elaboration © imtmphoto/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Remote and Prospective Memory Remote Prospective § Very long-term recall § Autobiographical memory for both remote and recent events § Reminiscence bump for events of adolescence, early adulthood § Remembering to engage in planned actions § Event-based easier than time-based § Risk of repetition of actions § Reminders can help Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Aging and Autobiographical Memories Figure 17. 5 (From D. C. Rubin, T. A. Rahhal, & L. W. Poon, 1998, “Things Learned in Early Adulthood Are Remembered Best, ” Memory and Cognition, 26, p. 4. Copyright © 1998 by the Psychonomic Society, Inc. Adapted by permission of the Psychonomic Society. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Language Processing in Late Adulthood § Little change in comprehension § Losses in § retrieval of words from long-term memory (tip-of-the-tongue state) § ability to plan what to say and how to say it § Compensatory techniques: § speak more slowly, using more sentences, but shorter ones Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Problem Solving in Late Adulthood § Real vs. hypothetical problems: § family relationships § managing activities of daily living § Extend adaptive strategies of middle adulthood: § use experience to decide quickly when able § consult family members and others § collaborate to generate strategies Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Wisdom © absolut/Shutterstock § Breadth and depth of practical knowledge § Ability to reflect on, apply knowledge to improve life § Ability to listen, evaluate others’ concerns § Transmission of useful knowledge, reflections to younger people Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk What Contributes to Wisdom? § Life experience: § human-service training and practice § leadership positions § Age: § no guarantee of wisdom § helpful when combined with life experience § History of overcoming adversity § Education, physical health Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Factors Related to Cognitive Change § Modest genetic contribution § Mentally active life: education, stimulating leisure, community participation, flexibility § Health status § Retirement: both positive and negative effects § Distance to death: terminal decline § Cognitive interventions: © racorn/Shutterstock ADEPT, ACTIVE Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Lifelong Learning § Increased participation in continuing education: § Road Scholar § Osher Lifelong Learning Institutes § community senior centers § Benefits: § new ideas, skills, friends § broader world perspective § improved self-image § rise in use of computers and Internet © Pressmaster/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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