Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E Berk

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Piaget’s Theory: Schemes § Psychological structures § Organized ways of making sense of experience § Schemes change with age: § first schemes: sensorimotor action patterns § later schemes: deliberate and creative Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Building Schemes Adaptation Building schemes through direct interaction with environment Assimilation Using current schemes to interpret the external world Accommodation Adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Assimilation and Accommodation § Cognitive equilibrium: § steady, comfortable state § characterized by assimilation more than accommodation § Cognitive disequilibrium: § state of cognitive discomfort § shift from assimilation toward accommodation, then back toward assimilation Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sensorimotor Stage § Birth to age 2 years § Building schemes through sensory and motor exploration § Circular reactions © SHS Photography/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sensorimotor Substages Reflexive schemes (birth– 1 month) Newborn reflexes Primary circular reactions (1– 4 months) Simple motor habits centered around own body Secondary circular reactions (4– 8 months) Repetition of interesting effects; imitation of familiar behaviors Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8– 12 months) Intentional, goal-directed behavior; beginning object permanence Tertiary circular reactions (12– 18 months) Exploration of object properties through novel actions Mental representation (18 months– 2 years) Internal depictions of objects and events; advanced object permanence (invisible displacement) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Object Permanence § Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight § Revealed by retrieval of hidden objects § Awareness not yet complete: A-not-B search error § Full understanding revealed by problems involving invisible displacement Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Mental Representation § Internal depictions: § images (objects, people, spaces) § concepts (groups of similar objects or events) § Representation permits § advanced object permanence § deferred imitation § make-believe play © mitgirl/Fotolia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Violation-of-Expectation Method Figure 5. 1 (Adapted from R. Baillargeon & J. De. Vos, 1991, “Object Permanence in Young Infants: Further Evidence, ” Child Development, 62, p. 1230. © 1991, John Wiley and Sons. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Deferred Imitation § 6 weeks: imitates facial expressions § 6– 9 months: copies novel actions with objects § 12– 14 months: imitates rationally § 14– 18 months: imitates actions that are intended but not completed Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Evaluation of the Sensorimotor Stage Capacities that develop when Piaget suggested Capacities that develop earlier than Piaget suggested § Object search § A-not-B § Make-believe play § Object permanence § Deferred imitation § Problem solving by analogy Some suggest infants are born with core knowledge in several domains. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Core Knowledge Perspective Babies are born with a set of core domains of thought: § innate, special-purpose knowledge systems § permit a quick grasp of related information § support rapid early development © mocker_bat/Fotolia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Suggested Domains of Core Knowledge § § Physical Linguistic Psychological Numerical © Sergiy. N/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Infants’ Numerical Knowledge § Research suggests that infants can § discriminate quantities up to 3 § perform simple addition and subtraction § represent large-number values § Findings are controversial © Rehan Qureshi/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Information Processing § Sensory register: sights and sounds are represented directly, stored briefly § Short-term memory store: § attended-to information is retained briefly and “worked” on § working memory: number of items that can be briefly held in mind while engaging in some effort to manipulate them § Long-term memory: permanent knowledge base Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Model of Information Processing Figure 5.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Managing the Cognitive System’s Activities § Central executive § directs flow of information § coordinates incoming information with information already in the system § selects, applies, and monitors strategies that facilitate memory storage, comprehension, reasoning, and problem solving § Automatic processes § require no space in working memory § can be done while focusing on other information Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Improvements in the Cognitive System § Increase in basic capacity of memory stores, especially working memory § Increase in speed with which information is worked on § Improvements in executive function Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Cognitive Gains in Infancy and Toddlerhood Attention § improved efficiency, ability to shift focus § less attraction to novelty, improved sustained attention § Selective Attention: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=IGQmdo. K_Zf. Y Memory § longer retention intervals § development of recall by second half of first year Categorization § gradual shift from perceptual to conceptual categorization in toddlerhood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Development of Categorization Perceptual § First categories are based on physical properties § By 6 months, babies categorize on basis of two correlated features Conceptual § Shift to categories based on common function or behavior during toddlerhood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory § Complex mental activities develop through joint activities with more mature members of child’s society § Zone of proximal development: tasks too difficult for child to do alone but possible with help of more skilled partners © Zurijeta/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Infant and Toddler Intelligence Tests § Bayley Scales: § § § Cognitive Language Motor Social-Emotional Adaptive Behavior © mangostock/Fotolia § Predict later intelligence poorly § Largely used for screening Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Computing Intelligence Test Scores § Intelligence quotient (IQ): comparison with typical performance for age § standardization § normal distribution: bell-shaped curve § Infant tests and later performance: § largely used for screening Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Normal Distribution of IQ Scores Figure

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Features of a High-Quality Home Life Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) measures: § § § parental emotional and verbal responsiveness parental acceptance of child organization of physical environment provision of appropriate play materials parental involvement with child opportunities for variety in daily stimulation Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Developmentally Appropriate Infant and Toddler Child Care § § § Physical setting Toys and equipment Caregiver–child ratio Daily activities Interaction among adults and children § Caregiver qualifications § Relationships with parents § Licensing and accreditation © kaarsten/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk IQ Scores of Treatment and Control Children in the Carolina Abecedarian Project Figure 5. 7 (Adapted from Campbell et al. , 2001. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Theories of Language Development Nativist (Chomsky) Interactionist Language Acquisition Device (LAD) §contains universal grammar §infants biologically prepared to learn language § interaction between inner capacities and environmental influences § social-interactionist view: emphasizes social skills and language experiences Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Getting Ready to Talk § First speech sounds: § cooing § babbling © Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock § Becoming a communicator: § joint attention § give-and-take § preverbal gestures Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Starting to Talk § First words: § underextension § overextension § Two-word utterances: © pavla/Shutterstock § telegraphic speech § copies adult word pairings Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Individual and Cultural Differences § Gender § Temperament § Environment: § verbal stimulation § characteristics of native language © Mastering_Microstock/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Supporting Early Language Learning With infants § § Respond to coos and babbles Establish joint attention Use infant-directed speech Play social games § Engage in joint make-believe With toddlers § Engage in frequent conversations § Read often and talk about books Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.