Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E Berk

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Chapter 6 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Psychosocial Stages During Infancy and Toddlerhood Erikson’s Stage Needed from Caregivers Basic trust vs. mistrust (first year) § Responsiveness § Sympathetic, loving balance of care Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (second year) § Suitable guidance and reasonable choices § Reasonable expectations for impulse control Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk First Appearance of Basic Emotions Happiness § Smile: from birth § Social smile: 6– 10 weeks § Laugh: 3– 4 months Anger and sadness § General distress: from birth § Anger: 4– 6 months § Sadness: response to disrupted caregiver–infant communication Fear § First fears: second half of first year § Stranger anxiety: most frequent expression of fear Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Responding to Emotions of Others § Matching feeling tone of caregiver § Sensitivity to structure and timing of faceto-face interactions: 3– 4 months § Social referencing: 8– 10 months © Dragon Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Social Referencing § Reliance on a trusted person’s emotional reactions to appraise an uncertain situation § Used by caregivers to teach children how to react to everyday events © alexpro 9500/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Self-Conscious Emotions § Appear between ages 1½ and 3 years: § § § Shame Embarrassment Guilt Pride Envy § Require © denys_kuvaiev/Fotolia § awareness of self as separate and unique § adult instruction in when to feel emotions Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Emotional Self-Regulation § Adjusting one’s own state of emotional intensity § Requires effortful control § Improves over first year, with brain development § Caregivers © Caroline RW/Shutterstock § contribute to child’s self-regulation style § teach socially approved ways of expressing feelings Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Thomas and Chess Structure of Temperament § § Easy: 40% Difficult: 10% Slow-to-warm-up: 15% Unclassified: 35% © Gabriela Insuratelu/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Rothbart Structure of Temperament § Reactivity: quickness and intensity of § emotional arousal § attention § motor activity § Self-regulation: strategies that modify reactivity © ryanking 999/Fotolia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Biological Basis of Inhibited Temperament § Neurobiological correlates of shyness and sociability: § heart rate § saliva concentration of cortisol § pupil dilation, blood pressure, skin surface temperature § Persistence of temperamental style is influenced by child-rearing practices Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Stability of Temperament § Stability is § low in infancy and toddlerhood § moderate from preschool years on § Temperament develops with age, becoming more stable after age 3 years © Serhiy Kobyakov/Shuttterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Heredity and Environment in Temperament Genetic influences Environmental influences § Responsible for about half of individual differences § Vary with trait and age of individuals studied § § § Nutrition Quality of caregiving Cultural variations Gender stereotyping Role of siblings Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Goodness-of-Fit © Sunny studio-Igor Yaruta/Shutterstock § Interaction between temperament and child -rearing style § Effective child rearing: good fit with child’s temperament § Role of cultural context Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment § Preattachment § Attachment-in-themaking phase § Clear-cut attachment phase § separation anxiety § Reciprocal relationship with caregiver © oksix/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Measuring Attachment Security § § © Pavel L Photo and Video/Shutterstock Secure: 60% Avoidant: 15% Resistant: 10% Disorganized/ disoriented: 15% Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Cultural Variations in Attachment Security Figure 6. 1 (Adapted from van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988; van Ijzendoorn & Sagi-Schwartz, 2008. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Factors That Affect Attachment Security § § Early availability of consistent caregiver Quality of caregiving: parental sensitivity Infant characteristics Parents’ internal working models Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Multiple Attachments § § Fathers Siblings Grandparents Professional caregivers © MNStudio/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Role of Paternal Warmth § Often expressed through play § Promoted by © Elena Yakusheva/Shutterstock § time spent in physical proximity to babies § intimacy and cooperation between parents Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Siblings and Attachment § Majority of children have siblings § Arrival of new baby can be stressful for older siblings § Siblings typically develop rich emotional relationship § Certain temperamental traits (high emotional reactivity) increase likelihood of sibling conflict Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Attachment and Later Development § Secure attachment is related to later cognitive, emotional, social competence § Continuity of caregiving promotes favorable development © michaeljung/Fotolia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Self-Development § From birth Self§ Aided by capacity for intermodal awareness perception § Emerges end of second year Self§ Promoted by acting on environment recognition and noting effects Empathy § Ability to “feel with” another person § Aided by self-awareness Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Categorical Self § Classifying self and others into social categories on basis of © Andrew Taylor/Shutterstock § age § physical characteristics § goodness vs. badness § Used to organize behavior, including gender-typed behavior Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Self-Control § Effortful control is the capacity to § inhibit impulses § manage negative emotions § behave in socially acceptable ways § Depends on § awareness of self as separate, autonomous being § confidence in directing own actions § memory for caregiver’s directives Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Compliance § Emerges between 12 and 18 months § Awareness of caregivers’ wishes and expectations § Ability to obey simple requests and commands § Leads to first consciencelike verbalizations § Delay of gratification: between ages 1½ and 3 years © Blue. Orange Studio/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Helping Toddlers Develop Compliance and Self-Control § Respond with sensitivity and support. § Give advance notice of change in activities. § Offer many prompts and reminders. § Reinforce self-controlled behavior. § Encourage sustained attention. § Support language development. § Increase rules gradually. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.