Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E Berk
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Body Growth in Middle Childhood § Slow, regular pace § Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9, when trend reverses § Lower portion of body grows fastest § Bones lengthen, broaden § Muscles very flexible § All permanent teeth appear Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Common Health Problems § Malnutrition § Obesity § Illnesses © Ilike/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Health Risks for Obese Children § More likely to be overweight adults § Physical symptoms: § high blood pressure, cholesterol § respiratory problems § insulin resistance § Development of lifelong problems: § heart disease, diabetes, gall bladder disease, cancer, early death Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Causes of Obesity in Middle Childhood § Overweight parents § Low SES § Parental feeding practices: § overfeeding § overly controlling § § Insufficient sleep Low physical activity Television Eating out © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Psychological and Social Consequences of Obesity § § © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Stereotyping/teasing Social isolation Depression Emotional, academic, and behavior problems § Reduced life chances Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Treating Obesity § Family-based interventions: § diet change § exercise program § positive reinforcement § School environment: § § screenings improved nutrition standards additional recess/physical education time obesity awareness programs Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Illness in Middle Childhood § High rates in first two years of school § 15 percent have chronic conditions: © Ilike/Shutterstock § asthma § severe illnesses, such as sickle cell anemia, cancer, and diabetes Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Asthma § Bronchial tubes highly sensitive to stimuli: § cold, infection, allergies, stress § wheezing, coughing, breathing problems § Risk factors: § § § heredity pollution stressful home life poor health care obesity © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Motor Development in Middle Childhood § Gross-motor skill gains: § § flexibility balance agility force § Fine-motor skill gains: § writing § drawing © JHersh. Photo/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sex Differences in Motor Development § Girls better at fine-motor skills § Boys better at grossmotor skills, sports § Social environment: § parental expectations § self-perceptions § coaching, media © Jeff Thrower/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Development of Play § Games with rules: § sports § invented games © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock § Adult-organized sports § Rough-and-tumble play: establishes dominance hierarchy § Physical education Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Piaget’s Theory: Attainments of the Concrete Operational Stage § Conservation: § decentration § reversibility § Classification § Seriation: transitive inference § Spatial reasoning: cognitive maps © Jaren Jai Wicklund/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Conservation Decentration Focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them Reversibility Thinking through a series of steps and then mentally reversing direction Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Classification § Children pass the class inclusion problem between ages 7 and 10 § Collecting and classifying items become common © auremar/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Seriation § Ability to order items along a quantitative dimension—becomes efficient around 6– 7 years § Transitive inference: ability to seriate mentally—appears around 7 years © Terrie L. Zeller/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Spatial Reasoning Preschool, early school age Ages 8– 10 End of middle childhood § Landmarks along organized route of travel § Overall view of large-scale space § Mastery of scale Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Limitations of Concrete Operational Thought § Operations are concrete: § applied to information children can perceive directly § work poorly with abstract ideas § Continuum of acquisition: children master concrete operational tasks gradually, step by step Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Follow-up Research on Concrete Operational Thought § Culture and schooling affect task performance: § Going to school provides experiences relevant to Piagetian tasks. § Certain non-school, informal experiences in some cultures foster concrete operations. © Zou/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Information-Processing View of Concrete Operational Thought § Neo-Piagetians: gains in informationprocessing speed, rather than shift to a new stage § § automatic schemas free working memory central conceptual structures Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Key Gains in Information Processing § Working memory § Attention § Flexible strategy use § Cognitive self-regulation © Oksana Kuzmina/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Attention in Middle Childhood Attention becomes more § selective § adaptable § planful © arek_malang/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Memory Strategies Rehearsal (early grade school) § repeating information to oneself Organization (early grade school) § grouping related items together Elaboration (end of middle childhood) § creating a relationship between pieces of information not in the same category Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder § Inattention § Impulsivity § Excessive motor activity § Results in § academic problems § social problems © Suzanne Tucker/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Treatment of ADHD § Stimulant medication: § improves attention, academic performance, and peer relations for 70% § insufficient by itself § Family intervention § Adults with ADHD need ongoing assistance Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Knowledge Base and Memory § Becomes increasingly elaborate and better organized § Motivated learners actively use what they know to expand their knowledge. § leads to greater academic success Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Culture, Schooling, and Memory Strategies § Memory strategies are mostly useful for recalling isolated bits of information. § Western schooling gives little practice in using everyday cues: © Photodiem/Shutterstock § spatial location § arrangements of objects Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Theory of Mind § Understanding of mental activity becomes more elaborate and refined. § Views mind as active and controllable: § mental inferences § false-belief knowledge Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Promoting Cognitive Self-Regulation § Point out important features of tasks. § Suggest effective learning strategies. § Emphasize monitoring of progress. © Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Information Processing and Academic Learning § Reading: § phonological awareness, informationprocessing speed, and visual discrimination contribute to reading skills § blend whole-language and phonics approaches § Mathematics: § learn facts and procedures through practice, reasoning, experimenting with strategies § blend drill and “number sense” approaches Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Intelligence Tests Group Tests Individual Tests § Allow testing of large § Require training and groups experience to administer § Require little training § Provide insights about to administer accuracy of score § Useful for instructional § Identify highly intelligent planning children and children with learning problems § Identify students who need individual testing Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Typical Intelligence Test Items Figure 9. 3 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence Figure 9. 4 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences © spotmatik/Shutterstock § § § § Linguistic Logico-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Nature, Nurture, and IQ § Adoption studies confirm the influence of both heredity and environment. § Ethnic differences are largely environmental. § A dramatic secular trend (generational rise in IQ) supports the role of environment. © Alexander Trinitatov/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Cultural Bias in Testing § Cultural influences affect test performance: § communication styles § test content § stereotypes © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Communication Styles Middle-SES White Parents § Knowledge-training questions § Hierarchical style of communication Low-SES Minority Parents § Analogy or storystarter questions § no right answer § fosters complex verbal skills § Collaborative style of communication Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Effects of Stereotype Threat on Performance Figure 9. 5 (Adapted from Mc. Kown & Weinstein, 2003. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Reducing Cultural Bias in Testing § Combine test scores with assessment of adaptive behavior § Culturally relevant testing procedures: dynamic assessment © Alex Kosev/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Language Development Vocabulary § Increases fourfold during school years Grammar § Mastery of complex constructions improves § Examples: passive voice, infinitive phrases § Adjust to people and situations Pragmatics § Phrase requests to get what they want Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Learning Two Languages § Bilingual development: § learn both languages at the same time or learn first language, then second § sensitive period during childhood § Bilingual education: § language immersion § English-only programs: risk of inadequate proficiency in both languages Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Features of High-Quality Elementary Education § § Class size Physical setting Curriculum Teacher–student interactions § Evaluations of progress § Relationships with families © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Educational Philosophies § Traditional vs. constructivist § New philosophical directions: socialconstructivist § teachers and children as partners § many types of symbolic communication § teaching adapted to zone of proximal development § cooperative learning Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Teacher–Student Interaction § Teachers: § caring, helpful, stimulating, emphasizing high-level thinking—fosters achievement § use of repetitive drill, bias in favor of well-behaved students—impedes achievement § Self-fulfilling prophecies: have greater impact on low-achieving students § homogenous ability groups—a potent source Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Teaching Children with Learning Difficulties § Children often placed in regular classrooms: § mild mental retardation § learning disabilities: 5– 10% of school-age children § Law requires “least restrictive” environment: inclusive classrooms § full inclusion § resource rooms Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Creativity The ability to produce original, appropriate work that is useful in some way Figure 9. 6 (Reprinted by permission of Laura E. Berk. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Convergent and Divergent Thinking Convergent § Generating correct answer § Emphasized on intelligence tests Divergent § Generating multiple, unusual possibilities © Pressmaster/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Educating Gifted and Talented Children § Gifted: exceptional intellectual strengths § Talented: outstanding in a specific field § Educational approaches: § § enrichment in regular classroom pull out for special instruction move to higher grade multiple intelligences models Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk International Comparisons in Academic Achievement Figure 9. 7 (Adapted from Programme for International Student Assessment, 2009. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Cultural Variations in Schools § United States: § less challenging teaching § variable teacher training, salaries § Finland: § nationally mandated curricula, teaching practices, assessments © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock § Asia (Japan, Korea, Taiwan): § nationally mandated curricula § well-prepared, well-paid teachers Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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