Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E Berk

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Periods of Prenatal Development Period and Length Key Events Zygote (2 weeks) § Fertilization § Implantation § Start of placenta Embryo (6 weeks) § Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs Fetus (30 weeks) § “Growth and finishing” phase Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Conception and Implantation Figure 3. 1 (From Before We Are Born, 6 th ed. , by K. L. Moore & T. V. N. Persaud, p. 87. Copyright © 2003, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Period of the Fetus § Third month: § organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become organized and connected § lungs begin to expand contract § Second trimester: § many organs are well-developed by 20 weeks § most of the brain’s neurons are in place § Third trimester: § age of viability: 22– 26 weeks § fetus takes on beginnings of personality Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Figure 3. 2 (Adapted from Before We Are Born, 7 th ed. , by K. L. Moore & T. V. N. Persaud, p. 313. Copyright © 2008, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Teratogens § Harm done by teratogens is affected by: § § dose heredity age other negative influences © Phil Mc. Donald/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Teratogenic Substances § Drugs: § prescription § nonprescription § illegal § § § Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Environmental pollution Infectious disease © Minerva Studio/Fotolia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Other Maternal Factors in Prenatal Development § Nutrition § Emotional stress § Rh factor incompatibility § Age § Lack of prenatal health care © Dmitry Melnikov/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Importance of Prenatal Care § Monitor general health: § weight gain § capacity of uterus and cervix to support fetus § growth of the fetus © Poznyakov/Shutterstock § Treat complications: § diabetes § preeclampsia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Stages of Childbirth § Dilation and effacement of the cervix § Delivery of the baby § Delivery of the placenta © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Stages of Labor Figure 3. 4

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk The Baby’s Adaptation to Labor and Delivery High levels of stress hormones © nattanan 726/Shutterstock § help baby withstand oxygen deprivation § prepare baby to breathe § arouse infant into alertness Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk The Apgar Scale Table 3. 2

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth § Classes § Relaxation and breathing techniques § Labor coach: friend, relative, or trained doula © KAMONRAT/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Birth Complications § Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) § Breech position © giorgiomtb/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Medical Interventions in Childbirth § Fetal monitoring § Labor and delivery medication § analgesics § anesthetics § Cesarean delivery © ARZTSAMUI/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Preterm and Small-for-Date Infants Preterm § Born several weeks or more before their due date § Weight may be appropriate for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date § May be either preterm or full-term § Below expected weight for length of pregnancy Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Interventions for Preterm Infants § Temperature-controlled isolette § Special stimulation: § gentle rocking § visual or auditory stimulation § touch, such as skin-to-skin kangaroo care © Damon Yancy/Shutterstock § Parent training in infant caregiving Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Infant Mortality in Thirty Nations Figure 3. 5 (Adapted from U. S. Census Bureau, 2012. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Reflexes § § Rooting Sucking Moro Stepping © philipus/Fotalia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Infant States of Arousal § § § Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep Drowsiness Quiet alertness Waking activity and crying © Vasilyev Alexandr/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Soothing a Crying Baby § Hold on shoulder, rock or walk § Swaddle § Offer pacifier © Jo Tunney/Shutterstock § Massage baby’s body § Talk softly or play rhythmic sounds § Combine methods Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Sense of Touch § Sensitive to touch Ø around mouth Ø on palms and soles of feet § Use touch to investigate their world § Severe pain © Eleonora_os/Shutterstock Ø overwhelms nervous system with stress hormones Ø can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Infants § have a preference for sweet tastes at birth § can readily learn to like new tastes § have odor preferences at birth § can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Sense of Hearing Newborns § can hear a wide variety of sounds § prefer complex sounds to pure tones § can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old § listen longer to human speech than to nonspeech sounds § can detect the sounds of any human language Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Sense of Vision § Least developed sense at birth § Limited visual acuity § Actively explore environment: Øscan for interesting sights Øtrack moving objects § Not yet good at discriminating colors © Saylakham/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk New Family Adjustment § Hormones that facilitate caregiving: Ø oxytocin Ø prolactin Ø estrogens § Hormonal effects may depend on experience § Challenges of early weeks: © Click. Pop/Shutterstock Ø new roles Ø changed schedule Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.