Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E Berk
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Conceptions of Adolescence § Biological perspective: § puberty § G. Stanley Hall: storm and stress § Social perspective: © Pressmaster/Shutterstock § Margaret Mead: social and cultural influences § Balanced point of view: § biological, psychological, and social influences Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Hormonal Changes in Puberty § Growth hormone and thyroxine § Boys: § androgens: testosterone § Girls: § estrogens § adrenal androgens © Goodluz/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence Boys Growth spurt § starts age 12½ Girls § starts age 10 § shoulders broaden Proportions § longer legs § hips broaden § gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency § add more fat Muscle–fat makeup Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sexual Maturation Primary Sexual Characteristics Secondary Sexual Characteristics § Maturation of the reproductive organs § Girls: menarche § Boys: spermarche § Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity § Girls: breasts § Boys: facial hair, voice change § Both: underarm hair Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty § § § Heredity Nutrition, exercise SES Race/ethnicity Early family experiences Secular trends © Samuel Borges Photography/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Adolescent Brain Development Synaptic pruning continues Expansion of synaptic connections, myelination Cognitive Prefrontal cortex advances: n attention n planning Linkages among n integrating cortical regions information strengthen n self-regulation Increased More sensitive to responsiveness to Neurotransmitter n stress excitatory n pleasure and response changes messages novelty Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sleep Habits in Adolescence § Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later § Lack of sleep impairs executive function: § reduced achievement § increased anxiety, depressed mood § high-risk behaviors Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Reactions to Pubertal Changes Girls n n Surprise Mixed feelings n n n Boys n Mixed feelings n Preparation, information helpful Ethnic variations Preparation, information helpful Could benefit from more social support Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Adolescent Moodiness § Linked to more negative life events § Mood swings: § related to daily events § highs in peer settings § lows in adultstructured settings © Susan Stevenson/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Parent–Child Relationships § Rise in conflict: § has adaptive value: psychological distancing § different views of adolescent readiness for responsibility § Most conflict is © Iakov Filimonov/Shutterstock § mild § balanced by affection, support Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Consequences of Pubertal Timing Girls n Early Maturing n n Late Maturing n n Boys Unpopular, withdrawn, low in confidence Less positive body image More deviant behavior Prone to lasting difficulties n Popular Sociable, school leaders More positive body image n n n Popular Self-confident, independent More positive body image More deviant behavior Unpopular Anxiety, depressed mood Less positive body image Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Factors Accounting for Pubertal Timing Effects § Cultural ideals of physical attractiveness § Fitting in with peers’ physical maturity © Dragon Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Nutrition in Adolescence § Calorie needs increase § Poor food choices common: § skipping breakfast § eating fast foods § Family meals associated with healthier diet © artemisphoto/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa § § Starve self due to fear of getting fat Equally common across SES groups Racial/ethnic variations Heredity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, parenting style, and personal/cultural factors contribute § Difficult to treat § Strict dieting, excessive exercise, and purging § Heredity, parenting style, and personal/cultural factors contribute § More common and easier to treat than anorexia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Adolescent Sexuality § North American attitudes relatively restrictive: § media and family messages contradictory § consumption of sexualized media poses risks: Internet as “sex educator” © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk U. S. Adolescents Reporting Ever Having Had Sexual Intercourse Figure 11. 3 (From U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012 f. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Personal Family Peer Educational § Early pubertal timing § Childhood impulsivity § Weak sense of personal control § Step-, single-parent, or large family § Little or no religious involvement § Weak parental monitoring, disrupted parent–child communication § Sexually active friends and older siblings § Alcohol, drug use § Poor school performance § Low educational goals Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Adolescent Contraceptive Use § 20% of U. S. sexually active teenagers do not use consistently § Reasons: § social environment: lack of meaningful education and work § unrealistic about consequences § sexual exploitation © Alexey Klementiev/Fotolia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Homosexuality § Impact of heredity: § X-linked § prenatal sex hormones § birth order © Pressmaster/Shutterstock § Sequence of coming out: § feeling different (ages 6– 12) § confusion (ages 11– 15) § self-acceptance (end of adolescence) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Adolescents and STDs § STD rates highest in adolescence: § especially high in United States § 1 out of 5 to 6 sexually active teens affected § AIDS most serious: § manifests 8– 10 years later § often infected during adolescence § Females more easily infected § STD education improving Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk U. S. Adolescent Pregnancy Statistics § About 727, 000 teen pregnancies in most recently reported year § 12, 000 younger than age 15 § 1 in 4 end in abortion § 87% of births to unwed mothers Figure 11. 4 (From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011 c. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Factors Contributing to Adolescent Parenthood § Low parental warmth, abuse § Repeated parental divorce § Poor school achievement § Alcohol, drug use § Antisocial behavior § Low SES © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Risks for Teenage Mothers and Babies © travis manley/Shutterstock § Low educational attainment § More time as single parent § Economic difficulties § Pregnancy and birth complications § Weak parenting skills Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Teen Pregnancy Prevention and Intervention Prevention Strategies Intervention Strategies § Better sex education § Skills for handling sexual situations § Information and access to contraceptives § Academic and social competence § School involvement § Health care § Help staying in school § Job and lifemanagement training § Parenting instruction § Adult mentors § Affordable child care § Father support Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk U. S. Adolescent Substance Use § Have tried, by grade 10: § cigarettes— 33% § alcohol— 58% § illegal drugs— 37% § By end of high school: § 11% smoke regularly § 27% report recent heavy drinking § 25% have used highly addictive drugs © Elena Rostunova/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Substance Use versus Abuse Experimenters Abusers § Psychologically healthy § Sociable § Sensation-seeking § Low SES § Family mental health problems, substance abuse § Child abuse § Impulsivity, hostility § Drug-taking starts earlier Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Prevention and Treatment § Good school programs © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock § promote effective parenting § teach skills to resist peer pressure § reduce social acceptability of drugs § Interventions to prevent harm § Family and individual therapy Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational Stage § Hypothetico-deductive reasoning: § problem solving based on a hypothesis, deducing logical, testable inferences § pendulum problem § Propositional thought: § evaluating the logic of verbal propositions without using real-world circumstances Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Piaget’s Pendulum Problem Figure 11. 5 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Follow-Up Research on Formal Operational Thought § School-age children show beginnings of formal operational thought § Adolescents are considerably more competent: § reason about more variables simultaneously § grasp logical necessity § Formal operations may not be universal: § training and context contribute § schooling is powerfully influential Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Gains in Information Processing: Executive Function § Attention § Inhibition § Strategies § Knowledge § Metacognition © arek malang/Shutterstock § Cognitive self-regulation § Speed of thinking § Processing capacity Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Scientific Reasoning § Coordinating theory with evidence § Contributing factors: § § working memory capacity exposure to complex problems metacognitive understanding open-mindedness § Adolescents and adults vary widely Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Scientific Reasoning Task Figure 11. 6 (Adapted from Kuhn, Amsel, & O’Loughlin, 1988. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Changes § Self-consciousness and self-focusing: § imaginary audience § personal fable § Idealism and criticism § Decision making: § influenced by © CREATISTA/Shutterstock immediate reward § fall back on well-learned, intuitive judgments Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk School Transitions in Adolescence § Grades decline with each transition: § higher academic standards § less supportive teaching– learning environment § Drop in self-esteem: § additional strains increase risk © Intellistudies/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Problem Behaviors Across Transition to High School Figure 11. 12 (Adapted from Roeser, Eccles, & Freedman-Doan, 1999. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Helping Adolescents Adjust to School Transitions © michaeljung/Shutterstock § Parent involvement, monitoring § Close friendships § Smaller units within schools § Same-ethnicity peers § Homeroom teacher relationships Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Supporting Academic Achievement Child-rearing practices Peer influences School characteristics § Authoritative § Joint decision making § Parent involvement in education § Valuing high achievement § Warm, personal teaching § Classroom learning experiences § Opportunities to break out of low academic tracks Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk High School Graduation Rates Figure 11. 8 (From OECD, 2011 a. ) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Factors Related to Dropping Out § Low grades, low academic self-esteem § No extracurricular involvement § Family background: § uninvolved parenting style § limited parental education § Grade retention § Large, impersonal schools § General education, vocational tracks Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Dropout Prevention Strategies © Armadillo Stock/Shutterstock § Remedial instruction § Personalized counseling § High-quality vocational training § Addressing personal factors related to dropout § Extracurricular participation Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Readers may view, browse, and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for noncommercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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