Exploring and Classifying Life Chapter 1 What is

Exploring and Classifying Life Chapter 1

What is Science? Section 1

What is Science? • Science is an organized way of studying things and finding answers to questions • Series of steps to solve problems scientific method • Brain. Pop • Safety Rap

M&M Lab

• You will be organizing and counting M&M candies to find out which color M&M is the most plentiful in each bag.

Question • Which color of M&M is most plentiful?

Hypothesis • If I count each color of M&M in a bag then _____ will be the most plentiful because ________________________.

Procedure 1. Do NOT eat anything in lab. 2. Open a bag of M&Ms. 3. Count the numbers of each color. 4. Record in chart.

Data Color Number Group 1 Red Green Orange Yellow Blue Brown Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Average Group 6 Group 7 Total

• Graph Number of M&M v. Colors of M&M in a bar graph • Label the x-axis as Colors of M&Ms horizontal axis • Label the y-axis as Numbers of M&Ms vertical axis • Make your graph as large as possible & colorful • Glue or staple onto your lab paper

Conclusion • What did your hypothesis say? • Was your hypothesis correct? wrong? • Include your observations and data • Give explanations. • Why would this information be important or useful?

Next Step? ? • Talk with your lab partners and come up with 2 questions about M&Ms that could be answered by doing a lab activity

Vocabulary 1. 2. 3. 4. Hypothesis an educated guess or possible outcome to a problem Procedure set of directions or steps to follow Data Info gathered during an investigation Graph picture of your data

5. Conclusion An answer to your question; was your hypothesis correct? 6. Variable things that are changed in an experiment 7. Control Things that are NOT changed in an experiment

Theory or Law? • Scientific Law – a RULE that describes a pattern in nature – Does not try to explain why • Scientific Theory - Attempt to explain a pattern observed repeatedly in the natural world – Can Δ w/ new data

Safety • Follow all safety rules during an experiment • Must make an 80% on lab safety quiz

Section Check 1 Question 1 This diagram shows a way to use scientific methods to solve a problem. According to the diagram, if a hypothesis is not supported by data then you should _______.

Section Check 1 A. change the data so that they do support the hypothesis B. find a different problem to solve C. propose a scientific theory D. revise the hypothesis and perform new experiments

Section Check 1 Answer The correct answer is D. Scientific methods are an organized way to solve a problem in science. This series of procedures involves forming a hypothesis that can be tested.

Section Check 1 Question 2 What is the definition of a control in a scientific experiment? Answer A control is the standard to which the outcome of a test will be compared. Controls help you determine how to interpret your data.

Section Check 1 Question 3 A statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true all the time is a _______. A. conclusion B. hypothesis C. law D. variable

Section Check 1 Answer The correct answer is C. Although laws can be modified as more information becomes known, they are less likely to change than theories.

Living Things Section 2

What are living things like? • Any living thing organism • All organisms share similar traits

Living Things

1. Living things are organized • Cell smallest unit of an organism that can carry on all the functions of life – Orderly structure – Contains hereditary material

2. Living things respond • Stimulus anything that causes a Δ • Response reaction to a stimulus Homeostasis Stimulus Your body temperature rises because of exercise Response

3. Living things use Energy • All energy ultimately comes from the Sun Some organisms eat plants for energy Heterotrophs Some organisms make their own food from the Sun’s energy Autotrophs

4. Living things grow, develop, and die • Development Δ that take place during the life of an organism • Lifespan length of time an organism is expected to live

5. Living things reproduce • Must replace individuals that die

List the characteristics of living things discussed in this video clip Star the ones that are different than what we have discussed.

What do Living things need? • Place to live • Raw materials – Water – Oxygen – Food • Different requirements for different organisms

Homework • Find 2 pictures of living things and 2 pictures of non-living things. • Either out of a magazine, real photos or you can even draw them, glue or tape them into your notebook. • Under each, list the characteristics the thing does or does not have that makes it alive or non-living. • Bring them to class and be prepared to share with the class whether they are living things or non-living things and why.

Section Check 2 Question 1 What is the smallest unit in a cat that carries on the functions of life? Answer The cell is the smallest unit. All organisms are composed of cells. Cells take in materials from their surroundings and use them in complex ways.

Section Check 2 Question 2 Pulling your hand back when you accidentally touch a hot pan on the stove is an example of what characteristic of living things? A. growth and development B. organization C. reproduction D. response to stimuli

Section Check 2 Answer The correct answer is D. The hot pan is an example of a stimulus. Living things can respond to both external and internal stimuli.

Section Check 2 Question 3 Give an example of two raw materials that you need to survive. Answer Some possible answers include: water, food, and oxygen. Some bacteria and plants can make food from raw materials in their surroundings.

Where does life come from? Section 3

Two ideas Spontaneous generation Living things come from Sources of Life non-living things Biogenesis Living things come only from other living things

Timeline Foldable • Information on page 20 in textbook • Glue last page of foldable into NB

• Francesco Redi – Decaying meat in jars & covered some – Maggots appeared only on uncovered meat – Conclusion: maggots hatched from fly eggs & not from the meat 1668

• John Needham – Heated broth in flasks – Became cloudy w/ microorganisms – Conclusion: they developed spontaneously from the broth – (WRONG!) 1745

• Spallanzani – Heated broth in sealed flasks – Only opened ones became cloudy 1768

• Louis Pasteur – Boiled broth in open S-necked flasks – Only became cloudy when tilted & exposed to dust in the Sneck – Conclusion: no such thing as spontaneous generation 1859

• Oparin Hypothesis – Earth’s early atmosphere contained no oxygen, but did have ammonia, hydrogen, methane, & water vapor – Chemical reactions triggered by • E from Sun • Lightning • Earth’s heat – New molecules washed into Earth’s oceans primordial soup 1924

• Miller and Urey – Sent electric currents through gasses – Cooled & condensed into liquid that contained amino acids (found in present-day cells) 1953

Section Check 3 Question 1 This diagram shows an experiment Louis Pasteur conducted with boiled broth and S-necked flasks. Why did microbes only grow in the bottom flask?

Section Check 3 Answer Microbes from the air settled out at the bottom of the S-neck and only entered the broth when it was tilted so that the broth touched this area. This experiment by Pasteur helped disprove theory of spontaneous generation.

Section Check 3 Question 2 Which one of the following examples supports theory of biogenesis? A. kittens are produced from cats B. milk is produced by cows C. rain is produced by rain clouds D. stimuli produce responses

Section Check 3 Answer The correct answer is A. The theory of biogenesis states that living things come only from other living things.

Section Check 3 Question 3 What did Alexander Oparin suggest about Earth’s early atmosphere?

Section Check 3 Answer He suggested that it contained no oxygen but was made up of the gases ammonia, hydrogen, methane, and water vapor. He hypothesized that these gases could have combined to produce compounds found in living things.

How are living things classified? Section 4

Classification • Placing similar things together into groups • Aristotle – Plant or Animal – Broke these down into smaller groups

• Linnaeus – Classification based on similar structures • Modern scientists – Use similarities in internal structure as well – Chromosome # – Fossil record – Very early stages of development

Six Kingdoms

Scientific Names • Common names can be confusing • Binomial Nomenclature 2 -word name (1 st – genus, 2 nd – species)

Uses of Scientific Names 1. Avoid mistakes 2. Organisms w/ similar evolutionary history are grouped together 3. Give descriptive information 4. Info can be organized easily & efficiently

Dichotomous Keys • Detailed list of characteristics • Includes scientific names • Series of steps that leads you to the correct identification • Alien Identification activity – Cut out Alien Sheet and glue in NB – Make a list 1 -20 – Use dichotomous key to label aliens

Section Check 4 Question 1 Over 2, 000 years ago, Aristotle developed a system to classify all organisms _______. A. as either plant or animal. B. based on fossils. C. into six different kingdoms. D. using binomial nomenclature.

Section Check 4 Answer The correct answer is A. Aristotle broke these two groups into smaller groups. Two of his smaller groups of animals would have been animals with hair and those with no hair.

Section Check 4 Question 2 What word is used to describe the evolutionary history of an organism? Answer The word is phylogeny. Phylogeny explains how an organism has changed over time and is the basis for the modern classification of many organisms.

Section Check 4 Question 3 Acer rubrum is the scientific name for a red maple tree. This name is an example of _______. A. a dichotomous key B. a hypothesis C. binomial nomenclature D. spontaneous generation

Section Check 4 Answer The correct answer is C. Binomial nomenclature is the system used by modern scientists to name organisms. The first part of the scientific name identifies the genus of the organism.

Chapter Review Question 1 Why has the hypothesis in this example been used to propose a theory?

Chapter Review Answer In the example, several different experiments have all supported the hypothesis. In science, if the results of experimentation always support a particular hypothesis, the hypothesis can then be called a theory. A theory usually explains many hypotheses.

Chapter Review Question 2 Which one of the following is an example of using field work to collect data about where robins build their nests? A. doing an internet search on robins B. finding a book on robins in the library C. watching robins in a laboratory D. watching robins in a park

Chapter Review Answer The correct answer is D. Fieldwork includes observations or experiments that are done outside the laboratory.

Chapter Review Question 3 Why is reproduction an important characteristic of living things?

Chapter Review Answer Without reproduction, living things could not replace individuals that die and would soon no longer exist. Reproduction can take many different forms, including production of spores, laying eggs, or giving birth to live young.

Chapter Review Question 4 What is the estimated age of Earth? A. 4600 years old B. 4. 6 million years old C. 4. 6 billion years old D. 4. 6 trillion years old

Chapter Review Answer The correct answer is C. Rocks found in Australia more than 3. 5 billion years old are one piece of data that supports this estimation.

Chapter Review Question 5 This is the classification of the bottle-nosed dolphin. Which one of the following organisms from the order Cetacea is most closely related to the bottlenosed dolphin?

Chapter Review A. Bow-head whale from the Family Balaenidea B. Ganges River dolphin from the Family Platanistidae C. Killer whale from the Family Delphinidae D. Right whale from the Family Balaenidea

Chapter Review Answer The correct answer is C. The bottle-nose dolphin and the killer whale are more closely related than the others because they are classified in the same family of Delphinidae.

Standardized Test Practice Question 1 Which measurement should be made using the SI unit of meters instead of the units shown in the table? Measurements to make Volume of water in jar Height of a bookshelf Mass of a sofa Distance to the moon SI unit to use milliliters grams kilometers

Standardized Test Practice Measurements to make Volume of water in jar Height of a bookshelf Mass of a sofa Distance to the moon A. distance to the moon B. height of a bookshelf C. mass of a sofa D. volume of water in a jar SI unit to use milliliters grams kilometers

Standardized Test Practice Answer The correct answer is B. Height is a measurement of length and can be measured in meters. The SI unit of a gram is a measurement of mass.

Standardized Test Practice Question 2 Why might you find these symbols in your text book?

Standardized Test Practice A. to alert you to situations that require special attention B. to help you study for test on each chapter C. to show you where to find certain information in the text D. to warn you to turn the page quickly

Standardized Test Practice Answer The correct answer is A. These are safety symbols that are used throughout your text.

Standardized Test Practice Question 3 Like all living things, you require energy to survive. What is the source of the energy used by your body? A. carbon dioxide B. the Sun C. food that you eat D. oxygen

Standardized Test Practice Answer The correct answer is C. You get food by eating plants or other organisms that ate plants. Plants make their own food through photosynthesis. Therefore, you use the Sun’s energy indirectly.

Standardized Test Practice Question 4 Stanley Miller and Harold Urey conducted this experiment to find out if gases in Earth’s early atmosphere could have produced _______.

Standardized Test Practice A. bacteria from viruses B. chemicals found in living things C. electricity D. mice from grain

Standardized Test Practice Answer The correct answer is B. They hypothesized that lightning in Earth’s early atmosphere could have caused the gases to combine to produce these chemicals. They passed an electrical current through those gases to simulate what might have happened.

Standardized Test Practice Question 5 Dichotomous keys are arranged in steps with two _______. A. descriptive statements at each step B. kingdoms at each step C. pictures at each step D. scientific names at each step

Standardized Test Practice Answer The correct answer is A. If you learn how to use a dichotomous key, you can identify and name species.