Exploration What possible rewards might come from exploring

Exploration • What possible rewards might come from exploring the seas for new lands? • What are the risks involved in embarking on a voyage into the unknown?

Why did Europeans Feel the need to explore?

Visual Analysis: de Bry woodcuts Where do you see symbols of the motives for European Exploration ?

Visual Analysis: de Bry woodcuts • What ONE WORD describes this picture? • What does the cartoon say about the motives of exploration? • What type of interactions do you see? • What do you think the artist thinks about exploration? • What view(s) of Columbus does it offer?

Visual Analysis: de Bry woodcuts • How does the de Bry piece reflect the motives of European exploration? • What type of interactions do you see? • What do you think the artist thinks about exploration? What is the evidence of his opinion? • What view(s) of Columbus does it offer? » Honors

Age of Exploration

Major Exploration Motives • Economic Motives : Hopes of expanding trade – Example: Spices which were needed for preserving and flavoring good – Hopes of find precious metals • Religious Motives : – Natives must be introduced to Christianity. • Social Motives: – Renaissance: encouraged a new spirit of curiosity and adventure and fostered advances in sailing technology – Glory: quite simply, to make a name for yourself

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons Technology

A Ship’s Rations Read “History in Depth” on Pg. 532. • What would it be like to live on a Carvel for 6 months?

Europeans hoped to gain new sources of wealth!

Gold, God, and Glory!

Major Explorers Explore the Explorer! Research your assigned explorer with your group. Display your information on the poster provided. Two group members should be the researchers, one the recorder.

Portuguese • 1 st to develop/use the caravel and magnetic compass • 1419 – Prince Henry the Navigator opened a school for navigation • 1420 – explored west African coast – “Gold Coast” • 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias reached southern tip of Africa • 1498 – Vasco da Gama sailed to India and back – Generated wealth from the Spice Trade

Spanish

Christofo Colon [1451 -1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs (1519) vs. Fernando Cortes Montezuma II

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortes

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas (1532) vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

Dutch Exploration • 1600 s – Dutch East India Company establishes power in the East Indies – Controlled Asian trade, operated as governments • Power to make money • Sign treaties • Raise their own armies – Dominated Indonesia and southern Africa by 1700

European Empires in the Americas

Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease. 2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

5. New Patterns of World Trade

Conflict between Explorers • The Spanish and Portuguese were afraid that they might claim/conquer the same land so they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation This would give Spain control over the Americas!!

Conquistadors • Spanish conquerors of America, felt they discovered the “New World” • After Pizzaro, these lands were under Spanish control. • Portugal took Brazil. • What do we call the conquered people who are “native to the region”?

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conqu istad ores M Perm a Set nent tler s is si on ar ie s Official European Colony!

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3. Papal agreement.

New Colonial Rivals

New Colonial Rivals 1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. 4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

Made Native Americans slaves and introduced African Slavery

Father Bartolomé de Las Casas New Laws protecting Native rights --> 1542

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Middle Passage

Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

European diseases killed Native Americans. . .

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves

Converted them to Christianity…

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe

Took over their natural resources!

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE v Syphilis Triangular Trade v Trinkets v Liquor v GUNS v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpo v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria v Diptheria v Whooping Cough x

Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. 1. Get as much gold and silver as you can. 2. Establish a favorable balance of trade: difference between imports and exports. 3. Get colonies.

Treasures from the Americas!

Joint Stock Companies Why would a Joint -Stock Company be popular with investors in overseas colonies? The joint-stock company worked much like the modern-day corporation, with investors buying shares of stock in a company. It involved a number of people combining their wealth for a common purpose, in this case, colonization. Because joint-stock companies involved numerous investors, the individual members paid only a fraction of the total colonization cost. If the colony failed, investors lost only their small share. If the colony thrived, the investors shared in the profits. Examples: Virginia Company – Jamestown Dutch East & West India Company – Spice Islands, Virgin Islands, Suriname