Exploration Colonization Mr Somogye AP World History Motives

Exploration & Colonization Mr. Somogye AP World History

Motives for European Exploration n Desire to gain direct access to Asian luxuries q q n Gain lands suitable for growing cash crops q n n n Collapse of Mongols increased price of goods Avoid dealing with Muslim merchants Portugal had poor quality soil Spread Christianity Spain – Caribbean, Aztec and Inco Portuguese – Brazil Brits, French, Dutch – N. America By mid 19 th cent. Euro controlled most of Americas

European Advantage: n Geography q n Need q n China & India happy with rich Indian Ocean trade Marginality q n Euro Atlantic States well positioned w/ Americas Eruo knew they were behind in trade, wanted to be big playa Rivalry q Interstate rivalry drove rulers to compete

European Advantage: n Merchants q n Wealth and Status q n Colonies = opp. for poor nobles and commoners Religion q n Growing merch class want access to Asian wealth Crusading zeal, persecuted minorities Mobilization q States and co. move resources fast n n Sea tech, iron, gunpowder, horses > Americas Rivalries within Americas provided allies for European invaders

Technology of Exploration n From China q q n From Islam q q n Stern Rudder Magnetic Compass Lateen Sail the Astrolabe Caravels

Notable Explorers n Portugal q q q n Spain q q n Prince Henry the Navigator Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan England q Captain James Cook

Major Expeditions

The Great Dying (large great, not good great) n Demographic collapse of Native American societies q q q Pre-Columbus 80 mil native pop (spoiler, it drops) No immunity to “Old World” disease Native Americans 90% mortality Almost extinct native Caribbean pop Cent. Mexico 15 mil down to 1 mil by 1650

Mercantilism n Economic theory that argues governments best serve their states’ economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion q q q Popular economic theory drives expansion and colonization Colonies serve as closed markets for the mother countries manufactured goods Inc. resources, inc. exports, inc. gold, inc. status n Inc. exploitation, inc. destabilization, inc. death

Spanish Empire

Conquest of New Spain n Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs in 1521 q n Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca in 1533 q n Fewer than 200 Spanish soldiers Why? q n 600 Spanish soldiers God, gold, and glory How? q Guns, germs, and steel

Impact of Smallpox on the New World

Economy of New Spain n Agriculture q q n Haciendas Plantations Mining q q q Silver the “Heart of the Empire” Gold Used coercive labor n Indian slaves, encomiendas, mita • Less than 50% of silver remained in Spain • At no point did American treasure imports make up more than 25% of Spain’s national revenue • Spanish government occasionally went bankrupt

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 • Divided the world between Spain & Portugal • decided by the pope • Odd placement because of lack of knowledge about the size of world

Spanish Culture n Catholic Church dominates q Widespread conversion of the Indians by Jesuits, et al n q q Bartolomé de Las Casas Constructed baroque cathedrals Religious schools and universities Cathedral de Mexico built in stages between 1573 -1813

Social Order in New Spain n Replicated some Spanish class hierarchy Accommodated Indians, Africans, and mixed Spanish at top q n n n Increasingly wanted self-gov from Spanish Crown Emergence of the Mestizo Exploitation of Indians More racial fluidity than in N. America q Could move, edu could determine status

Sociedad de Castas Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves

Portuguese Empire

Portuguese Colonization in Asia n Portuguese use force to enter Asian trade markets q n Conquered “choke points” q n Forced East Africa and Asia to pay tribute Ormuz, Goa, Malacca, & other areas Control did not last long q q q Overextended and Indian Ocean was too large Not enough people Dutch and English rivals

Portuguese Brazil n Minor Portuguese nobles given strips of land to colonize and develop q Feudalism meets commercial agriculture n n n Portugal’s most important colony by 1700 Government established a bureaucratic structure with a royal governor q q Bureaucrats were born and educated in Portugal Brazil never had university or printing presses n n Sugar plantations using Indian, then African slaves Unlike Spanish colonies Jesuits converted most natives to Christianity

Portuguese Brazil n Brazil dominated world sugar production in the 17 th century q q 150 sugar plantations in 1600; 300 by 1630 By 1700, 150, 000 slaves worked on plantations n q 50% of population were slaves Brazil’s dominance of sugar trade declined in 18 th century n n Competition from French, English, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean Price of slaves increased; price of sugar declined

Sugar Plantations in the Americas

Brazil’s Age of Gold n Gold discovered inland in 1695 q q Started a massive gold rush Mine gold using slaves n q n 150, 000 slaves by 1775 Export 3 tons of gold a year from 1735 -1760 Impact of gold q q q Ranching and farming were expanded Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the colony No native industries were developed in Portugal

Colonization of North America n Backwater Colonies q North America was of moderate interest to Europe n n n Dutch were more interested in their East Indies colonies British and French valued their West Indies holdings Population of British & French North America was far smaller than New Spain France surrendered New France to the British after their defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1756 -1763)

British North America n Very few profitable resources q q n Follows Western European forms q q n Fur and timber Southern cotton & tobacco plantations Rise of manufacturing and merchant activity Interest in the Enlightenment Slaves brought in to work on southern plantations q By 1700, slaves make up 23% of the population

Colonization of North America n Copy European social structure q q Nuclear families Marry younger than in Europe n q More child centered n n Property more readily available Families average 6 children Low mortality rate q Average life expectancy was 70 years of age

Dutch Empire

Dutch Colonization

Dutch Colonies in Africa & SE Asia th n Take Portuguese strongholds in 17 century q n Monopolize certain spices q n Cloves, nutmeg, mace, etc. Shipping proved most profitable q n Cape of Good Hope, Malacca, etc. Shipped products between China, Japan, Indonesia, India, etc. Colonized Java q Treaty of Gijanti in 1757