Exploration and Expansion A New Age of Discovery

Exploration and Expansion A New Age of Discovery

Opening Assignment 9/09/15 • What explorers do you remember? • What countries did they come from? • Where did they explore?

• De Gama = Portugal = India • Dias= Portugal = Horne of Africa • Columbus = Spain = West Indies

Foundation of Exploration • Three G’s • Gold (Money/Spices/Raw Materials) • God • Glory • Curiosity • Left over from Renaissance • Crusades • Marco Polo, Zheng He

Technological Advances • The Compass – China • Astrolabe – Muslims • Shipbuilding - Europeans • Bigger ships = more cargo, withstand stronger waves • The Caravel – triangle sails, rudder at the back, light, armed

The Portuguese • First to launch large scale exploration • Geographic advantage • Prince Henry the Navigator • Patron of Exploration • Ultimate goal: Find a water route to India

• Prince Henry’s school of navigation resulted in a breakthrough for Portuguese navigation. Before Prince Henry, sailors and navigators refused to sail toward Africa. They were scared of sea monsters and boiling water near the equator. In fact, no sailor had ever sailed into the “Sea of Darkness”, which the Portuguese considered to be any part of the ocean south of 27 degrees north latitude (about Cape Bojador). Prince Henry’s school sent 14 expeditions into “The Sea of Darkness”. Prince Henry himself even convinced some explorers to go further south. Prince Henry’s influence was the first step in finding the vaunted sea route to the Indies.

• Bartolomeu Dias • First attempt to sail around the tip of Africa – 1488 • Turned back by bad storms • Vasco da Gama • Left for India in 1497 • Stopped at several African ports along the way • Got to Calicut in India after > 10 months

• Pedro Cabral • Discovered Brazil • Impact of the Portuguese Explorers • Trade outposts across India • Discovered Indonesia and other lands • Became one of the richest, most powerful countries in Europe

The Spanish • 1492 – Columbus sailed the ocean blue • King Ferdinand Queen Isabella • Sail west to reach China • Reached a small island in the Caribbean • Thought he had reached Asia/Indies Islands – names the people “indians”

• Amerigo Vesspucci • Sailed the coast of South America – 1502 • First to realize Columbus was wrong • America named after him • Vasco Nunez Balboa • Crossed the Isthmus of Panama • FIRST European to see the Pacific Ocean - 1513

Balboa’s Trip

• Ferdinand Magellan • Wanted to sail around the globe (circumnavigate) • Sailed for Portugal then Spain • Killed in the Philippines • 19 survivors of his crew made it around the world – 3 year trip

The English • Henry Cabot (1497) • Landed in Canada – thought he’d hit Asia • Second voyage: Lost, sank • Sir Francis Drake (1577) • Rounded tip of South America • Explored the West Coast • Tried to find a way back to England • Ended up sailing around the world

• Henry Hudson (1609) • Looking for a Northwest Passage • Sail NORTH over America to Asia • Explored parts of New York • River and bay named after him • Mutinied by crew – dies in Hud. Bay

Dutch • Henry Hudson

The French • Jacques Cartier (1534) • Sailed down the St. Lawrence River • Claimed all the land as “New France” • A. K. A. - Canada (or Americas Hat)

Homework • Read Pages 476 – 481 • Define the Key Terms & People into your notebook • Answer the Geography Skills Questions #1 -2 page 477 • Complete the “Reading Like a Historian” Questions #1 -3 Page 480 • Complete the Section Assessment Page 481 Questions #1 – 4

Opening Assignment 09/10/2015

Economy of the New World • Exploration led to colonization. • The interaction of peoples led to economic & cultural changes.

Columbian Exchange • Global Exchange of Goods • New Foods • Beasts of Burden • New Diseases

Mercantilism • A nation’s strength depends on its wealth • Fixed amount of wealth = competition • Gold and silver • Raw Materials • Limit imports, maximize exports

Capitalism • Economy helped by private individuals to seek a profit • Colonies – make money for mother country • Joint-stock companies

JOINT STOCK COMPANY • Wealthy investors start new colonies in the New World • Often wealthy noble families 2 nd sons • Huge start-up cost of establishing a colony • Could fail and lose all your money • Specific crops or ideas – tons of workers in Europe

Colder Ideas Warmer ideas • Cattle Limes • Corn Sugarcane • Furniture Lemons • Lumber Bananas • Wheat Grapefruit • Furs Cotton • Fishing • Your advertisement should say where you are from, where you are going, and how you are going to make $$- use the bulleted list to make sure you create each requirement for full credit

Spanish Colonies • Caribbean • Encomienda System • Mexico • Hernan Cortes-1519 • Conquistador • Aztecs • Moctezuma II • Tenochtitlan

Spanish Colonies cont. • Francisco Pizzaro-1529 • Incas • Atahualpa • Viceroys

French Colonies cont. • New France • Other Goods • Mississippi River

Portuguese Colonies • Treaty of Tordesillas-1494 • Imaginary Line • Farmed along coast • Slave Labor

Dutch Colonies • New Netherland • Manhattan Island

French and Indian War • English claimed French Land • Native Americans picked sides • French lost a lot of land • Great Britain had HUGE debts!

Atlantic Slave Trade • Shortage of labor • Triangular Trade 1 st leg-European goods to Africa 2 nd Leg- Africa to New World Middle Passage 3 rd leg- New World products to Europe