Exploration and Discovery Chapter 13 Preparation for Discovery

Exploration and Discovery Chapter 13

Preparation for Discovery Section 1 Video about Discovery

List and explain the reasons why Europe began to explore the New World � 1. ) ◦ ◦ ◦ Search for New Trade Routes Wanted goods from the East, China, Spice Islands Italians had a monopoly Muslims attacked Fees Thus, people went searching for new route.

� 2. ) Quest for Gold ◦ In Africa ◦ Began searching, but often ended in losses

� 3. ) Desire for Adventure and Glory ◦ Many died along the way

� 4. ) Religious Concerns ◦ Late 15 th century, Moors still controlled Southern Iberian Peninsula ◦ Fall of Constantinople 1453. ◦ Sought out Prester John in Africa…never found ◦ Missionaries to Muslims

Prester John

� 5. ) Competition Among European Nations ◦ Commercialism ◦ Trade settlements and colonization

List the navigational aids used by explorers, explain how they came into being and describe their use. � 1. ) Maps � 2. ) Instruments: ◦ ◦ Compass – created by Chinese Astrolabe Quadrant Cross-Staff ◦ Video of Making your own compass

Compass Astrolabe Quadrant Cross Staff

Explain the technological advances that made ocean-going ships possible. � 1400 s ◦ ◦ – ships built for long distance Sails instead of Oars Triangle sails by Arabs Square sails by Vikings Thus we get Caravel

� Let’s Set Sail Video

Know the story of the following individuals and the role they played in the exploration and conquest of the “New World. ” Also, be able to discuss terms and issues listed. � Portugal and Spain were in the lead ◦ Turned Southward to Africa ◦ Crusading spirit

Prince Henry the Navigator (13941460) � Portugal � “greatest figure in the history of exploration”…. never went on one � Intrigued by Africa � Started “school” of navigation � Sponsored astronomers, mapmakers, sea captains, etc. ◦ Allowed for navigational improvement of tools � Set sailors out to explore Africa

Bartolomeu Dias � 30 years after Henry’s death, Bartolomeu sent to Africa by Portuguese king. � In search of another route to Orient � Accidently found route around Africa’s tip in a storm. � Tip of Africa called “Cape of Good Hope”

Vasco da Gama � 10 years after Dias, da Gama sent to follow but find India � 1497, sent with 4 ships � Went way out of the way…closer to South America than Africa � 1 year after beginning, he reaches India � Met Muslims, but still traded enough to pay for his trip 60 xs. � Portuguese took over this route, and destroyed Muslim monopoly.

Christopher Columbus � Italian � Studied Ptolemy and Marco Polo � Believed you could reach Japan and China by sailing West � Portugal refused to fund, but Ferdinand Isabella of Spain did � 1492, left with Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria � Catholic, believed he was commissioned by God to spread Gospel.

� Men wanted to turn back. � Two days later, founded San Salvador � Actually in Bahamas. Went to Cuba and elsewhere � 3 more voyages, and he landed in Venezuela � Always thought he had reached Orient � Opened Indian slave trade

However… � Vikings originally came over in 10 and 11 centuries � Some believe Phoenicians came over before Christ � 17 Century, Americas were a safe Haven for Christians

Line of Demarcation: Explain how it came about, what it was, its major results, and its connection to the requerimento: � Spain and Portugal fighting for trading rights � Pope divides the world between the two � 1493, Pope issues a bull called “The Line of Demarcation”

� Results: ◦ 1. ) Portugal colonizes in Africa and East Indies ◦ 2. ) Spain got most of New World, except Brazil �This is the reason Brazilians speak Portuguese ◦ 3. ) Spain had to find a westward route to India and China

Ferdinand Magellan � 1519 – realized North America was NOT the Orient � Wanted to sail around South America � Spent winter in tip of South America � Called natives “Patagonians” AKA “Big Feet” � Now called “The Strait of Magellan” � One ship deserted, one sank � Called “Pacific” AKA “Peaceful”

� Ran out of supplies, many starved � Reach Philippines, Magellan killed by natives � Continued without him, found Spice islands, went around Africa and found home. � 18 out of 200 men returned alive � First to circumnavigate

Describe the Indians of North America: � “Indians” � Possibly crossed Bering Strait � Some were farmers � Other followed herds � Believed in “Great Spirit” � North American Indians mostly in tribes � 5 major North American Indian Regions

� 1. ) Northeastern Indians: ◦ Formed 5 tribe confederation led by Iroquois ◦ Known for wampum, shell money, birch- bark canoes

� 2. ) Southeastern Indians: ◦ Mound Builders ◦ Still exist

Etowah Indian Mounds

� 3. ) ◦ ◦ ◦ Plains Indians Roamed grasslands Hunted buffalo Tepees Fought with other tribes Didn’t use horses till Spanish brought them

� Southwest Indians AKA Cliff Dwellers ◦ Built villages “pueblos” out of adobe, sun dried bricks ◦ Build into cliffs ◦ Most peaceful of NA Indians

� West Coast Indians ◦ Totem poles depicting local gods

� Central and South American Indians more civilized � Large cities, trade, art, literature � Pagan and superstitious

� 1. ) Maya 300 -900 s Many city-states in Yucatan Peninsula Pyramids, temples Altars, highways Hieroglyphics Astronomy Computed length of year, built astronomical observatories, mathematics ◦ Worshipped false gods, feathered serpent. ◦ Mayans diminished, some moved on ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦

� 2. ) Aztecs ◦ Around 1345 founded city of Tenochtitlan (tay NOACH tee TLAHN ) on an island in central Mexico ◦ 4 mile long bridges to island ◦ Temple with 20 other temples ◦ Canals ◦ City called “The Venice of the New World” ◦ Fighters with army ◦ Conquered 5 million people ◦ Never developed a real empire ◦ Sacrificed their enemies, sometimes priests ate them

� 3. ) ◦ ◦ ◦ Incas 1380 -1570 along Western coast in Peru Families lived in communes and shared possessions Farmers, raised maize, potatoes, cotton Their ruler “The Inca” worshipped as god This is a genuine empire

◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Conquered peoples and took territory Abolished cannibalism Well built cities Well-constructed roads Road from Cuzco to Quito Suspension bridges Mail could travel 150 miles a day!

List the goals of the Conquistadors, their methods, and how the methods conflicted with one of their goals:

� Spanish sent conquistadors ◦ Looking for gold ◦ Converting to Catholicism ◦ Establish Spanish authority � Used guns and horses. ◦ Only a few men could conquer a whole tribe ◦ Conquistadors were very cruel ◦ Murder for riches � Came to convert…. but killed instead

Vasco Nunez de Balboa � Wanted adventure, but worked on a farm in Hispaniola � Upset, so stowed away to main land � Became a soldier, and took over � Moved site to Panama � Complaints to King against Balboa ◦ Needed gold to settle king � 1513, set out to find the ocean ◦ Wanted to be first to see it, called it “South Sea” ◦ Magellan renames it “Pacific” 7 years later � Arrested on false charges and beheaded

Hernando Cortes � 1519 - “greatest of the conquistadors” � Landed in Mexico � Sunk ships � Going toward Aztec capital � Montezuma (Aztec King) thought Cortes was the returning god Quetzalcoatl (ket SAHL koh AH t’l) � Lavished Cortez with riches…. but intensified greed

� Uneasy peace, then war � Massacred Aztecs � Montezuma stoned by own people � 1521, Cortes defeats Aztecs � Began building Mexico City � A viceroy would rule � People continued to plunder � Cortez returns to Spain in 1539, dies 8 years later

Francisco Pizarro � Cruelest of conquistadors � Wanted gold � Followed Balboa across the Isthmus, then went South � Arrived in Peru, set out to destroy everything � Captured Atahualpa (AH tah WAHL pah), the Inca ruler…held for ransom � Received tons of gold, and twice as much silver � Still killed Atahualpa � Destroyed Incas with only a few men

� 2 years later, found Lima � Spaniards killed him in his home for the gold.

Bartolome de Las Casas (1474 -1566) � Roman Catholic friar/missionary � Wrote against his countrymen � One Indian burned at stake for not becoming Christian � 1542, helped pass “New Laws”, keeping natives from becoming slaves � Got rid of conversion by force � However, saw conversion only as becoming member of church

Further Spanish Explorations � 1539 – Hernando de Soto lands near Tampa Bay � Found Mississippi River � Lead to further exploration of North America

� Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – 1540 � Set out to find “Seven Cities of Cibola” � Lead through New Mexico, Arizona, Kansas, and Texas � Some men found Grand Canyon � These explorers believe North America waste…. little gold.

Other European Explorers � Other nations angry to be left out! � Thus, onward they go!

French Explorers

Jacques Cartier � 3 voyages to eastern Canada � 1534 – Newfoundland Labrador � 1535 – sailed up St. Lawrence River. Named area Montreal “Mount Royal” � Looked for “Northwestern Passage”, but never found it

Samuel de Champlain � 70 years later “Father of New France” � Explored and colonized around St. Lawrence River � 1608, founded Quebec � Indians led him to two great lakes � Still looking for passage to Pacific

Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet � Jesuit Missionary – Marquette � Joliet - friend � 1673 -Canoed down Mississippi River to AR � Later, Sieur de La Salle, 1682 m claims Mississippi River for France � Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

Dutch Explorers

Henry Hudson � Went to find shorter route to East � Explored Northeast in his slip Half Moon � 1609 – went up river to Albany, NY � 1621 – Dutch founded New Amsterdam, modern day New York City

English Explorers

John Cabot � Shortly after Columbus, lands in Canada � Praised by King Henry VII � 1498, came back with son, Sebastian � Found no gold, but fisheries � Lead to English settlement

� English came to develop the land, not exploit it like Spanish � 1607 – Jamestown, first permanent settlement � John Smith build the town � 1608 – it burns � New governor Lord de la Warr – gave new life � Protestant settlers

John Smith

Explain how the Portuguese, the Dutch, and the English established their empires in the Orient and in the case of the Portuguese how they lost it.

The Portuguese

Pedro Cabral � Established trading posts in India � Fully armed ships protected them from Muslims

Affonso de Albuquerque � Viceroy of Portuguese holdings in East � Didn’t promote Native violence � Build trade � Captured and controlled entrances to Persian Gulf and Red Sea � After his death, 1520, take Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Banten � Banten allowed them to control water passages to the Orient � 1542 – began trade with Japan � 1557 – founded colony of Macao on Chinese mainland

� Problems ◦ ◦ 1. ) 2. ) 3. ) 4. ) for Portugal Spread out too Far Lost man power because of death at sea Asians hated the European because of cruelty Asians began allowing other nations to trade

The Dutch � Not rich, but good sailors � 1596 – settled on Java and Sumatra, expelled Portuguese from Banten � Japan would only trade with Dutch � Traded from Persia to Japan � Needed food and supplies, so had a settlement in Cape of Good Hope (Cape Town, South Africa)

The English � Defeated Armada 1588 � 1591 - made trading voyage to India � Captured Persian Gulf � Traded on East and West of India

Describe the response of the Chinese and the Japanese to European intervention in the Orient.

� East did not like the West � Claimed lands for king and souls for God � By 1550, already battles between China and Portugal � Portugal paid $30, 000 a year to colonize Macao

� Japan accepted Europeans better � Invited Francis Xavier � Didn’t want Christianity. � Persecuted missionaries � 1639, kill any Portuguese � “Closed Country”

List the economic changes that led to the Commercial Revolution. � Land was not the decider of wealth � Money was the main medium � Change in the air called Commercial Revolution

Mercantilism: Nations Acquiring Wealth—List the principles and the flaws of mercantilism: � Mercantilism was dominant economic system � Wealth should benefit “mother country”, thus hoard money ◦ 1. ) Become self-sufficient ◦ 2. ) acquire colonies ◦ 3. ) Maintain Balance of trade

�What colonies provided the mother country: By establishing colonies, European nations hoped to become self-sufficient. �Colonies supplied the mother country with raw materials so that the mother country would not have to lose specie to other countries to pay for the materials. �Colonies provided markets where goods from the mother country could be sold so that the mother country had customers for their products. �Prohibitions placed on the colonies: �The colonies were not allowed to produce anything that the mother country produced, for that would be competition. (Remember, the new found wealth was supposed to benefit the mother country. ) �Nor were the colonies allowed to trade with anyone but the mother country.

� 2 flaws: ◦ 1. ) create monopolies and deterred competition ◦ 2. ) Didn’t view as a “two-way-street”

Capitalism: Individuals create wealth—Contrast mercantilism and capitalism:

� Capitalism allowed people to advance wealth, investing, creating jobs, etc.

Describe the problem that led to the need for joint-stock companies and explain how they could solve that problem. � To safe-guard themselves, they created companies, this everyone shared gains and losses

� Thus came joint-stock companies ◦ Capital ◦ Dividends � Three main joint-stock companies ◦ 1. ) English East India Company – 1600 and thriving ◦ 2. ) Dutch East India Company – 1602 ◦ 3. ) The French Company of New France – traded furs in Canada ◦ These 3 set up settlements

� Prospectus and Underwriter