Expected Value AMDM Unit 2 Definition Lets say
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Expected Value AMDM Unit 2
Definition • Let’s say that a game gives payoffs a 1, a 2, …, an with probabilities p 1, p 2, … pn. The expected value E of this game is E = a 1 p 1 + a 2 p 2 + … + a np n. • Think of expected (expectation) value as a long term average.
American Roulette • At a roulette table in Las Vegas, you will find the following numbers 1 – 36, 0, 00. There are 38 total numbers. • Let’s say we play our favorite number, 7. • We place a $1 chip on 7. If the ball lands in the 7 slot we win $35 (net winnings). If the ball lands on any other number we lose our $1 chip. • What is the expectation of this bet? • To answer this question we need to know the probability of winning and losing. • The probability of winning is 1/38. The probability of losing is 37/38. • So the expectation is E = $35(1/38) + (-$1)(37/38) = (35 -37)/38 = -2/38 = -$0. 053 • What this tells us is that over a long time for every $1 we bet we will lose $0. 053. • This is an example of a game with a negative expectation. One should not play games when the expectation is negative.
Example 2 • On the basis of previous experience a librarian knows that the number of books checked out by a person visiting the library has the following probabilities: # of books Probability 0 1 0. 15 0. 35 2 3 4 5 0. 25 0. 15 0. 05 • Find the expected number of books checked out by a person. • E = 0(0. 15)+1(0. 35)+2(0. 25)+3(0. 15)+4(0. 05)+5(0. 05) • E = 0 + 0. 35 + 0. 50 + 0. 45 + 0. 20 + 0. 25 • E = 1. 75
Two dice are rolled • A player gets $5 if the two dice show the same number, or if the numbers on the dice are different then the player pays $1. • What is the expected value of this game? • What is the probability of winning $5? ANSWER 6/36 = 1/6. • What is the probability of paying a $1? ANSWER 5/6. • Thus E = $5(1/6) + (-$1)(5/6) = 5/6 – 5/6 = 0. • The Expectation is $0. This would be a fair game.
Who Wants to be a Millionaire? • Recall the game show Who Wants to be a Millionaire? Hosted by Regis Philbin. • Let’s say you’re at the $125, 000 question with no life-lines. The question you get is the following • What Philadelphia Eagles head coach has the most victories in franchise history? A. Earle “Greasy” Neale B. Buddy Ryan C. Dick Vermeil D. Andy Reid
More Millionaire • If you get the question right you will be at $125, 000. • If you get the question wrong you fall back to $32, 000. • Your third option is to walk away with $64, 000. • What to do, what to do? • Let’s do a mathematical analysis.
Mathematical analysis • What is the probability of guessing correctly? ANSWER ¼. • What is the probability of guessing incorrectly? ANSWER ¾. • What is our expectation? ANSWER E = $125, 000(1/4)+$32, 000(3/4) = $55, 250. This is less than the $64, 000 walk away value. • Decision: We should walk away.
What if we had a 50/50 • Then 2 of the choices would vanish. • Now the choices left will be A. Greasy Neale and D. Andy Reid. • Now E = (1/2)$125, 000 + (1/2)$32, 000 = $78, 500 > $64, 000. • We should give it a shot. • The answer is A. Greasy Neale (for now, later this season Andy Reid will pass Neale).
