Expectations and Reality of Foreign Students Triin Roosalu

Expectations and Reality of Foreign Students Triin Roosalu Associate Professor in Sociology Tallinn University, School fo Governance, Law and Society Tallinn University Employee Union Board

Structure of Estonian HE

4 /1 27 13 3 /1 2 33 20 12 /1 1 33 20 11 /1 34 20 10 0 34 20 9 /1 09 /0 8 35 20 08 /0 35 20 07 7 /0 6 39 20 06 /0 5 41 20 05 /0 47 20 04 4 /0 3 49 20 03 /0 2 49 20 02 /0 47 20 01 1 /0 0 25 20 00 /0 37 20 9 35 99 /9 20 19 98 8 7 /9 97 /9 6 32 19 19 96 /9 15 19 95 5 /9 4 20 19 94 /9 1 5 93 /9 90 10 19 19 19 Number of HEIs 1990 -2013 50 45 40 35 30 46 29 26 21 6 0

Number of Students in Higher Education

Academic HE Students Publicly funded or fee paying HE students and share of academic HE students 1997 -2011 Public Paying Academic HE Source: Tõnisson, 2011.

Share of state-financing increased in 2013

Students by language of instruction 100% 90% 80% Russian 70% 60% English 50% Estonian 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 8. 11. 2005 10. 11. 2006 10. 11. 2007 10. 11. 2008 10. 11. 2009 10. 11. 2010 10. 11. 2011 10. 11. 2012 10. 11. 2013

Number and share of foreign students in Estonia BA MA Ph. D Source: Estonian Ministry of Education – Kreegipuu, 2017 average share

Share of foreign students by educational level BA MA Country Estonia Lithuania Latvia Finland Source: Estonian Ministry of Education – Kreegipuu, 2017 Ph. D Total

Distribution of foreign students in Estonia by origin Number Finland Russia Nigeria Ukraine Georgia Estonia Turkey India Latvia China Total % Number % Number %

Europe Asia Africa Central- and Western America Northern America Oceania

• Foreign Students: 8+% of all; 11% of these in private universities English-language MA programs – growing share among MA programs; yet only 66% of students there are foreign students some studies exist on students and on graduates • Foreign Staff: less than 100 altogether in 2008/2009 about 100 in just one (smaller) university in 2017/2018 their prespective rarely covered with studies

Rationale, as stated in Ministry of Education report: • Personal benefits for the students • Academic skills and knowledge • Social and sociocultural skills and knowledge • ‘employability’ – domestic country vs host country vs other? • Social, community level benefits • • • Direct economic benefits Academic quality of education provision Keeping student numbers up ‘employability’ and competition - - vs human rights…? cultural competence/intercultural competences/reciprocity?

Motives vs barriers • Motives • Intrinsic • Instrumental • Other? • ‘ARCS’ • • Attention Relevance Confidence Satisfaction • Barriers • Institutional • Situational • Dispositional

Integrating to labour market? • In EU, countrywise, 16 -30% of foreign students stay to integrate into labour market • In Estonia, about 28% - beyond EU average

Any problems? • Specific difficulties to find appropriate employment: • Labour market entrance supported by local social networks foreigners lack these • In many English-language curricula, apprenticehip is not compulsory and systematic support in contacting employers is often not provided • Foreign students are not required to master Estonian language skills only specific jobs are available • Not much provision in English available for professional education and as nonformal adult education only few opportunities for qualification beyond the university program

Feelings towards destination (country) Feelings towards (country of) origin Source: John Berry;

Expectations and Reality of Different Actors • Students – domestic and foreign • Lecturers – domestic and foreign • Universities – host and origin • Countries – host and origin • layers of actors • and each of their motives, barriers, and strategies

Motives vs barriers • Motives • Intrinsic • Instrumental • Other? • ‘ARCS’ • • Attention Relevance Confidence Satisfaction • Barriers • Institutional • Situational • Dispositional

Conclusions: to clarify… • Needs of and suggestions for universities • Needs of and suggestions for teaching staff • Needs of and suggestions for the sphere of education more generally, including adult education and lifelong learning • Needs of and suggestions for the community • Needs of and suggestions for the society • Needs of and suggestions for the students • Integration compass?

Thank you!