Expanding Markets and Moving West Chapter 9 Section

Expanding Markets and Moving West Chapter 9 Section 1 Market Economy

Samuel F. B. Morse • Morse began his communication system using 10 miles of copper wire • The government gave him $30, 000 to increase it to 40 miles • The first message went between Baltimore and DC . . _. _. . … __. _ _ _ …_ _. . __ ….

Industrialism • During the mid 1800 s, America went from being primarily agricultural to more industrial • Workers left farms and cottage industries to work in mills, often textile mills

Farming • Farmers were more efficient after they specialized, growing only 1 or 2 crops

Market Economy • People now went to a market to exchange their goods and services • They no longer needed to be self-sufficient • The Free market allowed the American economy to grow

A Free Market Economy also called Capitalism • A free market is a market in which there is no economic intervention and regulation by the state, except to enforce private contracts and the ownership of property. It is the opposite of a controlled market, in which the state directly regulates how goods, services and labor may be used, priced, or distributed, rather than relying on the mechanism of private ownership.

Factors of Production • • • Land Labor Capital Entrepreneurship Technology A market economy/capitalism allows individuals to own all the above

Entrepreneurial Spirit • Capitalism – people control the factors of production and allow them to keep the profits • Francis Cabot Lowell pooled money with other investors to open even more textile mills

Entrepreneurial Spirit • Entrepreneurs can make a lot of money, but they assume all of the risk • Charles Goodyear (died in debt) developed rubber and developed the process of vulcanization. • Risk does not always pay off

Other Inventions • Elias Howe sewing machine • Isaac M Singer sewing machine and food treadle • Robert Fulton steam boat • Early development of the steam engine for the new train

Telegraph • Trains began use of Morse’s telegraph system to keep schedules and relay updated prices

Canals • More Canals were dug to connect waterways • Flatboats were pulled by animals • With the rise of railroads, canals were soon replaced • Remember the Erie Canal – Clinton’s Ditch Low Bridge, Everybody Down!

Trains…. . • Shipping goods by train was more expensive than by wagon or flatboat, but speed was the key • Trains ran everyday and in all seasons. • Consumer prices fell • Canals, roads and railroads connected cities and regions

Farming in the Midwest • The Midwest was covered with fertile soil • John Deere’s steel plow to cultivate the soil • Cyrus Mc. Cormick’s reaper did the harvesting of 5 men

Expanding Markets and Moving West Manifest Destiny Chapter 9 Section 2

Thomas Jefferson • In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of America • Forty years later, America demanded more land

Manifest Destiny • John L. O’Sullivan coined the term of manifest destiny as our God-given right to own all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific • Most Americans agreed

Heading West • Farmers, miners, trappers and merchants headed west of the Rockies • Ports in the Oregon Territory welcomed trade from China and Japan

What about the Indians? ? ? • By the 1830 s, almost all the Indians had been killed or moved west of the Mississippi River • Some joined white culture • Some fought white settlers • Some continued to move

Black Hawk War • White settlers wanted to push the Indians out of the upper Midwest • Chief Black Hawk believed that he would lead the Indians to victory • The Indians lost in the attack and even more were moved west of the Miss River

Middle Ground • Land between Indian and White settlements was called “the middle ground” • As the Indians were pushed west, the middle ground also moved west • The middle ground kept moving and getting smaller

Fort Laramie Treaty • Indians attacked settlers at Fort Laramie • The Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851, gave Indians control of the Plains and the US agreed to abide by the treaty and make annual payments to the Indians

Fort Laramie Treaty • The settlers continued to settle on Indian land, destroy their hunting grounds, kill of the native buffalo and elk, and trample the land. • Another treaties demanded that the Indians move from these lands

Trails West – Santa Fe • Many trails began at Independence, MO and move west • Fearing Indian attacks, most wagon trains banded together • Traders exchanged goods for gold, silver and fur with Mexicans and returned home

Santa Fe

Trails West – Oregon Trail • Missionaries, told of the fertile land in the Great Plains • Hundreds of farmers settled there, arriving by Conestoga

Trails West – Donner Party • Not every trip west was successful • The Reed-Donner party left Independence in May and attempted to take a short-cut to catch up with the rest of the group

Trails West – Donner Party • They did not make it across the mountains before the November snows • By the time they were rescued, only about half survived – by eating the dead

Trails West – Mormons • The Mormon religion was established in 1846 by Joseph Smith • Mormons believe that there were lost tribes of Israel that came to America and blended with the Native Americans

Trails West – Mormons • They also believed in polygamy • For this, they faced discrimination which forced them to move from New York to Illinois • Smith and his brother were killed by an angry mob

Trails West – Mormons • The Mormons, under Brigham Young, moved west until they settled in Salt Lake City • Mormon Trail • They remained isolated until 1849 (California gold rush)

Oregon Territory • The territory took in all of northwestern America. • It was claimed by Britain and America • James K. Polk, an expansionist, used the slogan, “ 54° 40’ or Fight” in his presidential campaign

James K. Polk

Oregon Territory • It was more land than Polk actually wanted and although he was edging toward war with Britain over his demand, there was no way America could fight a successful war with Britain while pushing Mexico • His bluff worked though

Expanding Markets and Moving West Expansion in Texas Chapter 9 Section 3

Stephen Austin • American cotton farmers settled in eastern Texas • To keep settlement orderly, Mexico gave empresarios, empresarios land grants, to others • Stephen Austin received an empresario

Mexico – the early years • The earliest Spanish settlements were missions and trading posts • Their objective was to convert the Indians to Catholicism • After Mexico received their independence from Spain, they outlawed slavery in 1821

Mexico – building a country • Independent Mexico looked for ways to increase their economy • They eased trade with the US • They encouraged American farmers to settle in Mexico to protect the area from Indians

Mexico – the invasion • The empresarios allowed settlers to buy cheap land • They came by the thousands, pledging to obey Mexican law – No slaves – Speak Spanish – Become Catholic

Mexico – the broken promises • American settlers did not observe any of Mexico’s requests • Soon the American population surpassed the Tejano (native) population • Presidents John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson offered to buy Texas from Mexico

Mexico – it’s mine, not yours • Mexico refused to sell • Protestant, slaveholding, English-speaking settlers continued to pour into Norte Mexico called Texas • In 1830, Mexico closed its borders but lacked the security to enforce it

Mexico – Yankee, go home • But the Americans kept coming • By 1836 there were more slaves in Texas than Tejanos • General Santa Anna took over the Mexican gov’t & declared himself dictator

Mexico – they can’t do that • Fearing Santa Anna would enforce the Mexican law, the Texians declared independence • They said they swore allegiance to Mexico NOT Santa Anna

Texas!! We will not surrender • Among the Texans fighting Mexico were 2 American folk heroes Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie

• Santa Anna marched his army to the Alamo in San Antonio to make the REBELS surrender. • He destroyed the fort and killed all the Texians inside

Alamo Goliad San Jacinto

Mexico – the fat lady sings • After 2 Mexican victories at the Alamo & Goliad, Texian forces, led by Sam Houston, defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto • The Republic of Texas was born

Mexico – got the short straw • The Tejanos, who fought with the Americans against Santa Anna, now faced discrimination by the Americans • Texas was denied statehood because they wanted to enter the Union as a slave state

Texas – finally a state • James K. Polk ran for president in 1844 as an expansionist • His victory gave him a mandate to admit Texas into the Union • They became a state in 1845

James K Polk • Polk’s ideas to expand America do not end with Texas • He threatens war with Britain over the Oregon Territory • He sends troops into Mexico to instigate a war – that Mexico cannot win.

Expanding Markets and Moving West The War with Mexico Chapter 9 Section 4

Election of 1844

A 3 rd Party, the Liberty (anti-slavery) Party pulled enough votes from Whig Henry Clay to cause Clay to lose to the Dark Horse candidate, James K. Polk

Polk Urges War • Polk was elected promising to expand the country • He wasted no time • He believed that a war with Mexico would allow him to claim AZ, NM and CA too

Buying Mexico? • Gen. Santa Anna was replaced as Mexico’s president on promise to sell land to USA • Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico City to offer to buy land north and west of the Rio Grande • Mexican officials refused to see him

• Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to invade Mexico, crossing the Rio Grande • When Mexico reacted to the invasion, Polk asked Congress to declare war

Sectional Attitudes • Although most Americans backed the idea of expansion, not everyone was happy about Polk’s aggressiveness • Sectional differences arose • Was the new land to slave or free territory?

Sectional Attitudes • The North viewed expansion as a way to increase slavery, slavery slaves states and add proslavery senators in Congress • The South wanted the additional farmland Congressional seats (votes)

War Begins • Gen. Taylor invades Mexico through Texas • Gen. Kearny invades Mexico in S. California • Gen. Fremont invades Mexico in N. California

War Ends • California fell and became the Bear Flag Republic • Generals Grant and Lee fought in Mexico under Gen. Winfield Scott • Mexico fell after a failed attempt to restore Santa Anna

Spoils of War • Mexico was forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago • It gave the US the present-day states of Utah, Arizona, NM, Colorado, Nevada, and California • Natives were promised freedoms and didn’t get them

Token Payment to Mexico • Pres. Pierce signed the Gadsden Purchase – giving Mexico $10 million for land that wasn’t for sale • The new southern border is how you see it today

California Gold- 1849 • Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, outside San Francisco • Gold fever hit miners around the world • The population of CA increased to over 100, 000 people arriving from America, China, Japan & Europe • Most settlers did not get rich from gold, but many merchants and farmers found CA profitable

California’s Statehood • California • The South was outraged at immediately another free state applied for admission to the Union • California became a state in 1850 under the Compromise of 1850