Exercise 44 Urinalysis 1 Characteristics of the urine

Exercise 44 Urinalysis 1

Characteristics of the urine ¢ 2 Color l Pale yellow to amber • Urochrome pigment from the destruction of hemoglobin l Transparency • Clear l Normal change in the color • Foods, medications, etc

Characteristics of the urine ¢ 3 Odor l Subtle fresh urine – characteristic l Ammonia-like in standing urine

Characteristics of the urine ¢ 4 p. H l 4. 5 -8. 0 l Acid ash foods • Proteins, whole wheat l Alkaline ash foods • Vegetables l Bacterial infections • Increases the alkalinity of the urine

Characteristics of the urine ¢ 5 Specific gravity l It is the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water l Urine: 1. 001 -1. 030 • <1. 001=highly diluted urine • >1. 03=highly concentrated urine

Characteristics of the urine l Diluted urine • Diuretics • Diabetes insipidus • Excessive water drinking l Concentrated urine • Pyelonephritis • Limited fluid intake • Dehydration 6

Characteristics of the urine l Renal calculi • Caused by the precipitation and crystallization of the solutes of the urine 7

Characteristics of the urine ¢ 8 Normal constituents l Water l Sodium, potassium l Phosphates and sulfates l Nitrogen wastes: creatinine, urea, uric acid l Calcium, l Urobilinogen, etc

Abnormal urinary constituents Glucose l Glycosuria l Diabetes mellitus ¢ Albumin l “Physiological” albuminuria • Pregnancy • Excessive exercise ¢ 9

Abnormal urinary constituents l Pathological albuminuria • Hypertension • Kidney trauma • Ingestion of heavy metals • Glomerulonephritis, etc 10

Abnormal urinary constituents ¢ 11 Ketone bodies - Traces are normal l Acetone l Beta-hydroxybutyric acid l Acetoacetic acid l Ketonuria • Excessive fat metabolism, diabetes mellitus, starvation, low carbohydrate diets, • It causes acidosis

Abnormal urinary constituents ¢ 12 Red blood cells l Hematuria • Calculi, urinary infections, trauma l False hematuria • menstruation

Abnormal urinary constituents ¢ 13 Hemoglobin l Hemoglobinuria • Hemolytic anemia • Blood transfusion reactions • Burns • Renal diseases

Abnormal urinary constituents Nitrites l May indicated bacterial infection mainly gram-negatives rods ¢ Bile pigments l Bilirubinuria • Hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct blockage ¢ 14

Abnormal urinary constituents l Urobilinogen is abnormal if: • Complete absence • Renal disease • Obstruction of bile flow in the liver • Increased levels • Hepatitis A • Cirrhosis, etc 15

Abnormal urinary constituents White blood cells l Pyuria • Urinary infection ¢ Casts l Are hardened cell fragments l Pathologic ¢ 16

Abnormal urinary constituents l Hyaline casts • Formed by the denaturation of mucoproteins secreted by the tubules • Slow filtrate • Low urine p. H • High urine salt content 17

Abnormal urinary constituents l RBC casts • Glomerulonephrites l WBC casts • Pyelonephrites l Waxy casts • Degeneration of the renal tubule cells • End stage of renal disease 18