Examination of skeletal remains lower limbs By Dr

Examination of skeletal remains – lower limbs By Dr Rakesh Kumar

EXAMINATION REPORT �Requisition-Received one bone from Dept. of FM �Date, Time & Place of exam �Bone is dry, devoid of soft tissues & non-fouls smelling �Belongs to human being �Age Sl. NO Name of ossificatio n Centre �Sex Age of Fusion Finding Appearance in the given bone Inference

�Stature - Long bones- L x GF + FF �Injury �Time since death �Cause of death Opinion After examination of the given bone I am of the opinion that the given bone is a human male/female bone(Humerus) of right/left sided of aged >……. yrs & <……. . yrs. Date: Signature Place: Designation

Krogman’s degree of accuracy for SEX determination Entire skeleton 100% SKULL WITH PELVIS 98 % LONG BONES AND PELVIS 98 % SKULL AND LONG BONES 95 % PELVIS ALONE SKULL WITH MANDIBLE 95 % 90 % LONG BONES 85 %

Rule of thumb for stature �- Humerus – 20% - Femur - 27% - Tibia – 22% -Spine – 35%

FEMUR

Femur Sl. NO Name of ossification Centre Age of Appearance 1 Head of femur 0. 5 year to 1 year 2 Greater trochanter 4 yrs 3 Lesser trochanter 12 to 14 years 4 Lower end of femur 9 months of intra uterine life Age of Fusion 17 to 18 years 18 to 19 years Finding in Inference the given bone

12 -18 year old child

Less than 4 -18 years

(1 -4 year)

(1 -4 years)

FEATURE MALE IN MM FEMUR 1 NECK ANGLE < 40* (LOW ANGLE) > 50* (HIGH ANGLE) 2 VERTICAL DIAMETER OF HEAD >48 < 41 3 BICONDYLAR WIDTH > 79. 50 < 70. 50 4 POPLITEAL LENGTH > 145 < 106 5 TROCHANTERIC OBLIQUE LENGTH > 450 < 390 6 LENGTH 439 412

FEATURE 7 ANGULATION WITH THE SHAFT 8 HEAD 9 ARTICULAR SURFACE MALE IN MM FEMALE IN MM 80* 76* LARGE SMALL MORE THAN 2/3 rd OF A SPHERE LESS THAN 2/3 rd OF A SPHERE

Angle of the femur

VERTICAL DIAMETER of head of femur

BICONDYLAR WIDTH

POPLITEAL LENGTH �POPLITEAL LENGTH measured from apex of popliteal surface to the center of the intercondylar line.

POPLITEAL LENGTH TROCHANTERIC OBLIQUE LENGTH

ANGULATION WITH THE SHAFT

Tibia Sl. NO Name of ossification Centre Age of Appearance Age of Fusion 1 Upper end of tibia At birth 18 -19 years 3 Lower end of tibia 1 year 16 -17 years Finding in Inference the given bone

This 1 -18 year old

Tibia FEATURE MALE IN MM FEMALE IN MM 1 LENGTH 370 358 2 BICONDYLAR WIDTH 74 66

Fibula Sl. NO Name of ossification Centre Age of Appearance Age of Fusion 1 Upper end of fibula 4 years 18 -19 years 3 Lower end of fibula 1 year 16 -17 years Finding in Inference the given bone

Less than 4 -18 years

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