EXAM 4 Review Slides Results of weathering bedrock

EXAM #4 Review Slides

Results of weathering, bedrock, regolith & soil.

Typical Mollisol soil profile from South Dakota. ‘O’ horizon by Addition. ‘A’ horizon by Transformation ‘E’ horizon by Depletion ‘B’ horizon by Translocation ‘C’ horizon by Transformation

Soil Texture Triangle

Major concerns regarding soil resources. CAUSES Causes Overgrazing Deforestation Surface mining Erosion Salinization Soil compaction CONSEQUENCES Worsening drought Famine Economic losses Lower living standards Environmental refugees

Areas of concern for soil damage and loss. Areas of serious concern Areas of some concern Stable or nonvegetative areas

Soil erosion on a farm in Wisconsin.

Soil erosion in a Washington wheat field (left), and on a hillside, dirt road in South Carolina (right).

Areas at varying degrees of risk for desertification.

Build-up of salts in the soil as a result of over watering and drying.

Prevention Reduce irrigation Switch to salttolerant crops (such as barley, cotton, sugar beet) Cleanup Flushing soil (expensive and wastes water) Not growing crops for 2 -5 years Installing underground drainage systems (expensive)

Terracing of fields can help prevent soil erosion by water on hill sides.

Contour planting & strip cropping also helps prevent soil erosion from both wind and water, and increases fertility of the soil.

Windbreaks reduce wind erosion on fallow fields.

Result of overgrazing marginal lands.

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Croplands Ecological Services • Help maintain water flow and soil infiltration • Provide partial erosion protection • Can build soil organic matter • Store atmospheric carbon • Provide wildlife habitat for some species Economic Services • Food crops • Fiber crops • Crop genetic resources • Jobs

In use Grazed Cultivated Tropical forest 11% 10% Arid land 8% 6% 14% 51% Ice, snow, deserts mountains Not usable © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Forests, arid lands

Industrialized agric. Plantation agric. Intensive traditional agric. Shifting cultivation Nomadic herding No agriculture

Figure 13 -6 Page 282 First green revolution (developed countries) Second green revolution (developing countries) Major international agricultural research centers and seed banks

Desired trait (color) Cross breeding Crop Pear Apple Offspring Best results New offspring Desired result Cross breeding

Phase 1 Make Modified Gene cell Identify and extract gene with desired trait Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait DNA Plasmid Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli DNA Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step 3) Insert modified plasmid into E. coli Grow in tissue culture to make copies E. coli Genetically modified plasmid

Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier agrobacterium A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium) Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell Foreign DNA Transfer plasmid to surface microscopic metal particle Use gene gun to inject DNA into plant cell Plant cell Nucleus Host DNA

Phase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transgenic plants with new traits

Global distribution of maize (corn) production.

The effects of the green revolution.

Projected Advantages Need less fertilizer Need less water More resistant to insects, plant disease, frost, and drought Faster growth Can grow in slightly salty soils Projected Disadvantages Irreversible and unpredictable genetic and ecological effects Harmful toxins in food from possible plant cell mutations New allergens in food Lower nutrition Better flavor Increased evolution of pesticideresistant insects and plant diseases Less use of conventional pesticides Creation of herbicide-resistant weeds Tolerate higher levels of herbicide use Harm beneficial insects Less spoilage Lower geneticdiversity

Advantages Highly efficient High yield in small volume of water Increased yields through crossbreeding and genetic engineering Can reduce overharvesting of conventional fisheries Little use of fuel Profit not tired to price of oil High profits Disadvantages Large inputs of land, feed, and water needed Produces large and concentrated outputs of waste Destroys mangrove forests Increased grain production needed to feed some species Fish can be killed by pesticide runoff from nearby cropland Dense populations vulnerable to disease Tanks too contaminated to use after about 5 years

Increase Decrease High-yield polyculture Soil erosion Organic fertilizers Soil salinization Biological pest control Aquifer depletion Integrated pest management Overgrazing Irrigation efficiency Overfishing Perennial crops Loss of biodiversity Crop rotation Loss of prime cropland Use of more water-efficient crops Food waste Soil conservation Subsidies for more sustainable farming and fishing Subsidies for unsustainable farming and fishing Population growth Poverty

Smoke from fires is a form of particulate matter pollution.

Dust plume being blown from northern Egypt and the Sinai across the Mediterranean Sea.

Example of point source or primary pollution.

Photochemical reactions

Counties that failed to meet ozone standards in 2002.

Solar radiation Ultraviolet radiation NO Nitric oxide H 2 O Water NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide O Atomic oxygen Hydrocarbons PANs HNO 3 Peroxyacyl Nitric acid nitrates O 3 Aldehydes (e. g. , formaldehyde)Ozone Photochemical smog O 2 Molecular oxygen

Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx (throat) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchus Right lung Bronchioles

Prevention Mass transit Bicycles and walking Cleanup Emission control devices Less polluting engines Less polluting fuels Improve fuel efficiency Get older, polluting cars off the road Car exhaust Inspections twice a year Give buyers tax writeoffs for buying lowpolluting, energyefficient vehicles Restrict driving in polluted areas Stricter emission standards

Chloroform Para-dichlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene 1, 1, 1 Trichloroethane Formaldehyde Benzo-a-pyrene Nitrogen Oxides Styrene Tobacco Smoke Asbestos Carbon Monoxide Methylene Chloride Radon-222

Prevention Cleanup or Dilution Cover ceiling tiles and lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces Ban smoking or limit it to wellventilated areas Increase intake of outside air Set stricter formaldehyde emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials Change air more frequently Prevent radon infiltration Use exhaust hoods for stoves and appliances burning natural gas Use office machines in well-ventilated areas Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products Circulate building’s air through rooftop greenhouses Install efficient chimneys for wood-burning stoves

Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides Coal strip mine runoff De-icing road salt Pumping well Gasoline station Water pumping well Landfill Waste lagoon Buried gasoline and solvent tank Cesspool septic tank Accidental spills fer i u aq Sewer Leakage from faulty casing Discharge ter a w esh fer i Confined r f u q d a e aquifer r in e f t n a o w Unc Groundwater esh r f d flow e n i f Con

NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes Cropland Urban streets Animal feedlot Suburban development POINT SOURCES Wastewater treatment plant Factory

Types of organisms Clean Zone Concentration Normal clean water organisms (trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) 8 ppm Dissolved oxygen Decomposition Septic Zone Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches) Fish absent, fungi, sludge worms, bacteria (anaerobic) Recovery Zone Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches) Oxygen sag Biological oxygen demand 2 ppm Direction of flow Point of waste or heat discharge Time or distance downstream Clean Zone Normal clean water organisms (trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) 8 ppm

Discharge of untreated municipal sewage (nitrates and phosphates) Nitrogen compounds produced by cars and factories Natural runoff (nitrates and phosphates Inorganic fertilizer runoff (nitrates and phosphates) Discharge of detergents ( phosphates) Discharge of treated municipal sewage (primary and secondary treatment: nitrates and phosphates) Lake ecosystem nutrient overload and breakdown of chemical cycling Dissolving of nitrogen oxides (from internal combustion engines and furnaces) Manure runoff from feedlots (nitrates, phosphates, ammonia) Runoff from streets, lawns, and construction lots (nitrates and phosphates) Runoff and erosion (from cultivation, mining, construction, and poor land use)

Gulf Coast “dead zone” from phytoplankton blooms brought on by high levels of nitrogen washed down the Mississippi River.

Industry Nitrogen oxides from autos and smokestacks; toxic chemicals, and heavy metals in effluents flow into bays and estuaries. Cities Toxic metals and oil from streets and parking lots pollute waters; sewage adds nitrogen and phosphorus. Closed beach Urban sprawl Bacteria and viruses from sewers and septic tanks contaminate shellfish beds and close beaches; runoff of fertilization from lawns adds nitrogen and phosphorus. Construction sites Sediments are washed into waterways, choking fish and plants, clouding waters, and blocking sunlight. Farms Run off of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers adds toxins and excess nitrogen and phosphorus. Red tides Excess nitrogen causes explosive growth of toxic microscopic algae, poisoning fish and marine mammals. Closed shellfish beds Oxygen-depleted zone Toxic sediments Chemicals and toxic metals contaminate shellfish beds, kill spawning fish, and accumulate in the tissues of bottom feeders. Healthy zone Clear, oxygen-rich waters promote growth of plankton and sea grasses, and support fish. Oxygen-depleted zone Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.

Prevention Cleanup Reduce input of toxic pollutants Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities Separate sewage and storm lines Require at least secondary treatment of coastal sewage or use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other sewage treatment methods Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping Regulate coastal development Recycle used oil Require double hulls for oil tankers Require improved air pollution cleanup to reduce input from the atmosphere

Septic tank Nonperforated pipe Manhole (for cleanout) Household wastewater Perforated pipe Distribution box (optional) Drain field Vent pipe Gravel or crushed stone

When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash Electricity generator Methane storage and compressor building Topsoil Sand building Leachate treatment system Clay Garbage Methane gas recovery Pipe collect explosive methane gas used as fuel to generate electricity Leachate storage tanks Compacted solid waste Groundwater monitoring well Leachate pipes Garbage Sand Synthetic liner Sand Clay Subsoil Leachate pumped up to storage tanks for safe disposal Groundwater Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill

1 st Priority Primary Pollution and Waste Prevention • Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals • Purchase different products • Use less of a harmful product • Reduce packaging and materials in products • Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable or easy to repair 2 nd Priority Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention • Reduce products • Repair products • Recycle • Compost • Buy reusable and recyclable products Last Priority Waste Management • Treat waste to reduce toxicity • Incinerate waste • Bury waste in landfill • Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution

Production of energy-efficient fuel-cell cars Forest conservation Underground CO 2 storage using abandoned oil wells High speed trains No-till cultivation Deep sea CO 2 storage Solar cell fields Bicycling Communities of passive solar homes Landfill Water conservation Recycling plant Recycling, reuse, and composing Wind farms Cluster housing development

Economics Reward (subsidize) earthsustaining behavior Penalize (tax and do not subsidize) earthdegrading behavior Tax pollution and waste instead of wages and profits Use full-cost pricing Sell more services instead of more things Do not deplete natural capital Live off income from natural capital Reduce poverty Environmentally Sustainable Economy (Eco-Economy) Resource Use and Pollution Reduce resource use and waste by refusing, reducing, reusing, and recycling Improve energy efficiency Rely more on renewable solar and geothermal energy Shift from a carbon based (fossil fuel) economy to a solar–hydrogen based economy Ecology and Population Mimic nature Preserve biodiversity Repair ecological damage Stabilize population by reducing fertility

Sunset Business Eco-Friendly Business Solar cell production Soil conservation Hydrogen production Water conservation Fuel-cell production Pollution prevention Wind turbine production Ecoindustrial design Energy-wasting motor vehicles Wind farm construction Mining Geothermal energy production Biodiversity management and protection Coal mining Oil production Nuclear power Throwaway products Clearcut logging Paper production Production of energyefficient fuel-cell cars, trucks, and buses Conventional pesticide production Conventional and electric bicycle production Unsustainable farming Light-rail construction Water well drilling Sustainable agriculture Conventional economics Integrated pest Management Conventional engineering, design, and architecture Agriculture Business travel Recycling, reuse, and composting Ecological restoration Disease prevention Environmental engineering, design, and architecture Ecocity urban design Environmental science Environmental education Ecological economics Environmental accounting Teleconferencing

Environmental Worldviews Atomistic (individual-centered) Anthropocentric (human-centered) Species-centered Holistic (earth-centered or ecocentric) Biocentric (life-centered) Individualcentered Biosphere-centered Ecosystem-centered

Planetary Management Environmental Wisdom As the planet’s most important species, we are in charge All species are important and we are not in charge Resources are unlimited The earth’s resources are limited and should not be wasted All economic growth is good and is unlimited Our success depends on managing the world’s life-support systems for our benefit Some forms of economic growth are environmentally beneficial and some are environmentally harmful Our success depends on learning how the earth sustains itself and integrating such scientific lessons from nature (environmental wisdom) into the ways we think and act

Nation Community and friends Family Self All species on earth All animal species All individuals of an animal species All people Biosphere Biodiversity (Earth's genes, species, and ecosystems) Ecosystems

President White House Office • Overall policy • Agency coordination Department of Health and Human Services • Health Office of Management and Budget Council on Environmental Quality • Environmental policy • Agency coordination • Environmental impact statements • Budget • Agency coordination and management Environmental Protection Agency Department of Justice • Air and water • Environmental • Pollution litigation • Noise • Pesticides • Solid waste • Radiation • Toxic substances Nuclear Regulatory Commission Department of State Department of Commerce • Licensing and regulation of nuclear power • International environment • Oceanic and atmospheric monitoring and research Department of Energy • Energy policy • Petroleum allocation Department of the Interior • Endangered species • Energy • Minerals • National parks • Public lands • Fish and wildlife • Water development Department of Labor • Occupational health Tennessee Valley Authority • Electric power generation Department of Agriculture • Soil conservation • Forestry Department of Housing and Urban Development • Housing • Urban parks • Urban planning Department of Defense • Endangered species • Energy • Minerals • National parks • Public lands • Fish and wildlife • Water development Department Of Transportation • Airplane noise • Mass transit • Oil pollution • Roads

Lobbyists Lawmaking body Special interest groups Public advisory Regulating enforcement body Public hearing Laws and regulations Legal action Environmental organizations Corporations and small businesses Courts Lawyers Laws and regulations Membership support Purchase recyclable, recycled, and environmentally safe products Boycotts Use mass transit, walk, ride a bike, or carpool Individual Recycle cans, bottles, paper, and plastic Plant a garden Donate clothes and used goods to charities Use water, energy, and other resources efficiently

How a Bill Becomes a Law (if introduced in the House) Senate House of Representatives Referral to Standing Committee by leadership and parliamentarian Introduction of Bill by Member We will assume this is an appropriations bill, so the Constitution specifies that it be introduced in the House. Committee Action • Possible referral to subcommittee • Alternatives similar to those of the House Referral to Standing Committee by leadership and parliamentarian Committee Action • Possible referral to subcommittee • Hearings on major bills common • Committee decisions: Table Defeat Accept and report Amend and report Rewrite Calendar Placement Rules Committee (major bills) Hearings to decide whether bill will go to the floor earlier than calendar date. House Floor Action • Reading, general debate • Second reading • Amendment(s) report to the House • Third reading • Passage or defeat Calendar placement Senate Floor Action Alternatives similar to those of the House include rejection, acceptance, or additional amendments Conference Committee If the Senate approves a bill that is not identical to the one passed in the House, a conference committee is requested. This committee consists of appointed members from both houses who compromise on a final version of the bill. This compromise version is then sent to each house for final approval. Back to the Senate Floor Bill is signed by Speaker and Vice-President • Approve • Veto • Pocket veto • Permit bill to become law without his or her signature Law

Recognition Identify the problem. Formulation Look for solutions. Implementation Implement solutions. Control Things are improving. Nonpoint source water pollution Global warming Acid deposition Outdoor air pollution Urban sprawl Ozone depletion Sewage treatment Nuclear wastes Municipal solid waste Biodiversity protection Protecting endangered species Drinking water treatment Indoor air pollution Reuse Mining wastes Groundwater contamination Environmentally harmful subsidies Market prices do not include environmentally harmful costs Integrated environmental management Pollution prevention Toxic wastes Resource productivity Aquifer depletion Environmental justice Sustainable economic development Point source water pollution Pest control Recycling Soil erosion Some infectious diseases