Ex 9 Turns OBJECTIVE What you will learn

Ex. 9 - Turns

OBJECTIVE What you will learn: P How to enter, sustain and recover from in a d e r e gentle and medium turns ! cov tuned turns y Steep sson. Sta e later l P How to perform climbing and descending turns P How to accurately turn to a desired heading. Ex. 9 - Turns

MOTIVATION Why learn this: P Can’t fly in a straight line all the time! P Important to make precise and coordinated turns for: § safety § passenger comfort § overall flying proficiency and accuracy. Ex. 9 - Turns

LINKS Links: N IN CLIM G BIN G TU R ST LE RA VE IG L HT FL A IG N HT D G ATTITUDES & MOVEMENTS D ESC IN ND E Ex. 9 - Turns

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE - TKT Let’s see how much you already know: Q What are the four forces acting on an airplane in flight? Q In which direction does lift act? Q How does angle of attack affect lift? Q What types of drag affect an aircraft in flight? Q What is the relationship between lift and induced drag? Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS Theories and Definitions: P What Makes a Plane Turn P Types of Turns P Instruments in a Turn P § Attitude Indicator § Turn Coordinator Aerodynamic Effects in a Turn § Adverse Yaw § Pitch and Altitude § Load Factor. Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS What Makes a Plane Turn Angles exaggerated for clarity Lift relative airflow Ao. A smaller Ao. A less Lift more Lift greater Ao. A Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS What Makes a Plane Turn Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS Types of Turns § § § speed/lift difference between wings is small plane wants to return to level flight due to built-in stability slight yoke pressure in direction of turn may be needed Medium turn (15 o -30 o) § § plane wants to maintain bank angle neutralize yoke NORMAL TURNS Gentle turn (up to 15 o) o) Steep turn (over 30 Which wing is travelling faster? Which§ wing is producing lift? plane wantsmore to increase bank angle This makes the plane § “countersteering” may be required. want to keep turning! Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS Attitude Indicator in a Turn 0 o 10 o 20 o 30 o LE IS o 45 G N A B 90 o M I R Y R A AY W TO o N I A How to find out angle of bank from attitude indicator? 60 N I TA K N A SU I V ! L A M P Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS What Makes a Plane Turn How can a pilot make the plane turn this will way? What effect this have on control surfaces? Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS Turn Coordinator in a Turn Rate of turn: how fast nose is moving across horizon Rate of roll: how fast plane is rotating about longitudinal axis Rate One Turn What information does What information What kind= of turn the does the miniature airplane the plane is ball in? provide? (Left, right? Now? provide? Coordinated, 3 degrees perslipping, second skidding? ) ? How long will it take to turn from heading 210 to heading 150 at rate one turn? Yaw Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS Adverse Yaw Lift Total Aerodynamic Force relative airflow Induced drag MORE LIFT = MORE INDUCED DRAG. Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS Adverse Yaw Which side will the ball be on? Which way How can you fixwill thisthe problem? miniature plane be tilted? What’s the direction of Why does the miniature relative airflow? plane on TC turn as the ball moves back to centre? ADVERSE YAW EFFECTS COORDINATED TURN Which wing will is this What effect producing more drag? have on yaw? lift? Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS Pitch and Altitude in a Turn NEED TOwill INCREASE LIFT! What the plane do? How can we increase lift? In gentle to medium turns: use slight back pressure to maintain altitude. Ex. 9 - Turns

THEORIES & DEFINITIONS Load Factor in a Turn LOW AIRSPEED? Load factor = Lift Weight GENTLE TURNS ONLY! Higher load factor higher stall speed! POH… Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Procedures P Level Turn § § § P Climbing Turn § § § P Entry During (gentle & medium turns) Recovery Entry During Recovery Descending Turn § § § Entry During Recovery. Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Level Turn: Entry P Look-out P Turn in direction of intended turn yoke in direction of intended turn P Anticipate and correct adverse yaw with rudder P At desired angle of bank, return yoke close to neutral P Correct change in yaw as necessary. Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Level Turn: During P Keep good look-out (especially in direction of the turn) P Maintain desired bank angle with aileron inputs P Maintain altitude with elevators P Maintain coordinated flight with rudder. Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Gentle Level Turn: During Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Medium Level Turn: During Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Turn: During View to the left View to the right Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Level Turn: Recovery Begin leveling out at half the angle of bank If you’re turning from south to heading 290 at 20 o angle of bank, at what heading should you start recovery? Keep good look-out (especially in direction of the turn) P Turn yoke in direction opposite the turn P Correct yaw with rudder P When plane is level, neutralize yoke. Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Climbing Turn: Entry P Cockpit check! P Look-out in direction of intended turn Why? GENTLE TURNS ONLY! P Attitude P Turn Why should you establish climb before starting a turn? – Power – Trim to establish climb yoke in direction of intended turn. Which rudder will you need? P Anticipate and correct adverse yaw with rudder P At desired angle of bank, return yoke close to neutral P Correct change in yaw as necessary. Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Climbing Turn: During Keep good look-out (especially in direction of the turn) P Maintain desired bank angle with aileron inputs P Maintain pitch and airspeed with elevators P Maintain coordinated flight with rudder. Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Climbing Turn: During Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Climbing Turn: Recovery Begin leveling out at half the angle of bank Continue to keep good look-out What’s the procedure? Recover from Turn What’s the procedure? Recover from Climb P Turn yoke in direction opposite the turn P Correct yaw with rudder P When plane is level, neutralize yoke P Attitude P Power P Trim. Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Descending Turn: Entry P Cockpit check! P Look-out P Power P Turn in direction of intended turn – Attitude – Trim to establish descent yoke in direction of intended turn Which rudder will you need? P Anticipate and correct adverse yaw with rudder P At desired angle of bank, return yoke close to neutral P Correct change in yaw as necessary. Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Descending Turn: During Keep good look-out (especially in direction of the turn) P Maintain desired bank angle with aileron inputs P Maintain pitch and airspeed with elevators P Maintain coordinated flight with rudder. Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Descending Turn: During Ex. 9 - Turns

PROCEDURES Descending Turn: Recovery Begin leveling out at half the angle of bank Continue to keep good look-out What’s the procedure? Recover from Turn What’s the procedure? Recover from Descent P Turn yoke in direction opposite the turn P Correct yaw with rudder P When plane is level, neutralize yoke P Power P Attitude P Trim. Ex. 9 - Turns

CONSIDERATIONS Considerations P P Turn Radius and Rate § Effect of Bank Angle § Effect of Airspeed Rate One Turns. Ex. 9 - Turns

CONSIDERATIONS Turn Radius & Rate: Effect of Bank Angle Greater Bank Angle = Smaller Turn Radius Greater Rate of Turn Which plane will have a smaller turn radius? 90 KT Ex. 9 - Turns

CONSIDERATIONS Turn Radius & Rate: Effect of Airspeed Lower Airspeed = Smaller Turn Radius Greater Rate of Turn Which plane will have a smaller turn radius? 140 KT 70 KT Ex. 9 - Turns

CONSIDERATIONS Rate One Turns “Rule of Thumb” bank angle for rate one turn = TAS/10 + 7 (knots) Both planes are doing a rate If you’re flying at 90 knots, one turn. Which one will what should your bank angle change heading by 90 o first? be for rate one turn? 140 KT 70 KT Ex. 9 - Turns

SAFETY Lift wing before turn to check your “blind spot” ! Look-out, especially in direction of turn ! Climbing turns ! ! must be gentle (operating close to stall!) set up climb first, turn second ! During descending turns avoid overspeeding the plane ! Correcting yaw is critical in a turn! Ex. 9 - Turns

REVIEW Review Q Which way does the plane want to yaw after the yoke is deflected left, and why? Q Are the numbers on the Heading Indicator increasing or decreasing in a right turn? Q How can you use the Turn Coordinator to know whether the plane is slipping or skidding? Q What is the procedure for entering a climbing turn? Recovering? Ex. 9 - Turns

CONCLUSION Conclusion P Now you know how to perform every basic manoeuvre of the airplane! P This lesson builds a foundation for advanced (steep) turns P Read for next lesson: Ex. 10, Range and Endurance QUESTIONS? Ex. 9 - Turns