EVPA Conference 2017 Newcastle disease an old disease

EVPA Conference 2017 Newcastle disease; an old disease with new features Kang-Seuk Choi /OIE expert OIE Reference laboratory for Newcastle Disease Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Korea REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Definition • OIE definition of Newcastle disease (ND) : Infection of poultry by a virus of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) that meets one of the following criteria for virulence; a) An intracerebral pathogenicity index of > 0. 7 b) Molecular Basis of F cleavage site • Multiple basic amino acids at C-terminus of F 2 • Phenylalanine (F) at residue 117 of F protein (a) Biological pathotyping (b) Molecular biological pathotyping REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Newcastle disease as food security (Miller et al. , Infec Genet Evol, 2015) REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

What is the problem? REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

(1) Bio-security failures Transmission Mode REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

NDV epidemic event during 1980 s in Korea (especially broilers) Vaccine dose (million) (2) No vaccination Annual vaccine dose used G/표준 G/표준 준 /표 준 G /표 /표 G G 준 준 /표 준 G /표 G G G /표 /표 준 준 준 /표 G G /표 준 G/표준 Year Chicken population G/표준 G/표준 Number of infected birds G/표준 G/표준 G/표준 준 /표 G G /표 준 준 /표 G 준 /표 G 준 /표 /표 준 G Year G 준 /표 준 G /표 준 G /표 준 G /표 G 준 G/표준 /표 G Population(million) G/표준 No. of infected bird (thousand) G/표준 Year REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

(3) Suboptimal protective immunity (For young chicks) Immunity gap REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

(3) Suboptimal protective immunity (For egg-laying hens) Flock HI titers in commercial layer flocks (n=60) • Inappropriate vaccine program • Short-term vaccine immunity • Poor quality of vaccine used Immunity and Egg drop Protection Egg drop Challenged with virulent VII NDV (Kr-005 strain, 106 ELD 50) Mortality Protection (Unpublished data) REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

(4) Immune suppression The effect of IBDV infection on NDV protective efficacy In commercial broilers (32 days old) with B 1 vaccination (2 weeks old) or B 1 vaccination/subsequent IBD infection 100% % Protection 80% 60% B 1 vaccine + IBDV 40% 20% 0% G/표준 HI antibody titer(log 2) G/표준 (Kim & Song, 1992) REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Definition • A highly contagious and fatal viral disease that primarily affects birds particularly domestic chickens (up to 100% mortality) REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Newcastle Disease Virus • Family Paramyxoviridae Genus Avulavirus Species Avian avulavirus type 1 Avian paramyxovirus type 1(APMV-1) • • • Pleomorphic (100 to 500 nm in diameter) Broad host range Single serotype REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Genotype 2 class >19 genotypes East Africa Late genotype: after 1960 s -Genotypes V, VII, VIII, XI - Genome size: 15, 192 nt Class II (>18 genotypes) Early genotype: before 1960 s -Genotypes I, III, IV, IX, - Genome size: 15, 186 nt Class I (1 genotype) Class I - Genome size: 15, 198 nt Dimitrov et al. , Infection, Genetics and Evolution (2016) REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Recent distribution of Class II NDV genotypes (Late genotypes) Since 2000 (VII) VI, VII V VII XVI VII, XIII VII, XV XIII XIV, XVII, XIII VI VII, VIII, XII XI VII REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Pandemic episodes versus emerging new genotype 1920 1930 1940 1950 First Pandemic 1960 1970 Second 1980 Third Epicenter estimated South East Genotype II to IV V VI Poultry(meat) Psittacine Pigeon International spread Central/South Middle East America 1990 2000 Fourth Far East VII NEXT? Wild birds(? ) What? When? Where? How? REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Genotype VII new subtypes VIId Pandemic potential? VIIb 4 th pandemic Poultry ( free-ranging birds ) poultry Virus origin unknown VIIe VIIg VIIf PR China : (recombinants? ) 2003 - PR China : 1996 -2008 VIIh Malaysia Indonesia/ Cambodia/Vietnam China /Africa 20042009 -/2011 - 2013 Indonesia : 1988 -1990 Psittacine (lory, cockatto) VIIi Indonesia Pakistan Israel Bulgaria 2010 2011 2013 VIIIa India (1997), Europe(1997), South Africa (1995), Iran (2009 -2011) India : Early 1980 Psittacine (cockatto) VIIIb Inidia (quail) Pakistan Iran, Russia, India, South America 2003 PJ Miller et al. , Infect Genet Evol 29: 216 -229(2015) REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Global spread of newly emerging NDVs VIIh, VIIi, XIIIb: Pandemic potential? 2013 2011 XIIIb 2011 2013 2012 2003 2011 VIIh VIIi 2010 VIIh 2005 2009 2013 Dec 2011 2013 REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Newly emerging VIIh NDV Phylogenetic analysis Based on F gene From Gen. Bank data Since 2010 REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Nucleotide sequence identity(%) of full genome NDV VIIh isolates from different countries South Africa/2013 　 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 ID 0. 999 0. 924 0. 925 0. 941 0. 921 0. 918 0. 921 2 0. 999 ID 0. 925 0. 941 0. 922 0. 919 0. 921 3 0. 924 0. 925 ID 0. 996 0. 898 0. 99 0. 968 0. 989 4 0. 925 0. 996 ID 0. 898 0. 99 0. 969 Malaysia/2004 Malaysia/2005 Malaysia/2011 0. 989 Malaysia/2013 5 0. 941 0. 898 ID 0. 896 0. 893 0. 895 6 0. 921 0. 922 0. 99 0. 896 ID 0. 967 0. 988 7 0. 918 0. 919 0. 968 0. 969 0. 893 0. 967 ID 0. 965 China/2012 China/2011 8 0. 921 3, IBS 002/11; 0. 989 0. 895 5, IBS 025/13; 0. 988 0. 965 ID 1, MB 128/04; 2, MB 076/05; 4, IBS 005/11; 6, chicken/Guizhou/1032/12; 7, egret/China/Guangxi/11; 8, turkey/SA/N 2057/13. REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Simplot analysis of NDV VIIh genotype isolates. Query virus: Malaysian isolate IBS 002/11 REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Global spread of newly emerging NDVs VIIh, VIIi, XIIIb; pandemic potential? 2013 2011 XIIIb 2011 2013 2012 2003 2011 VIIh VIIi 2010 VIIh 2005 2009 2013 Dec 2011 2013 REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Protection efficacy against VIIh NDV by vaccination Using 3 week-old SPF chickens Unpublished data REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Protection efficacy against VIIh NDV by vaccination using commercial broilers with MDA ND vaccination ND Serology(HI, log 2) NDV challenge (day 35) Day 1 Day 14 Day 1 Day 35 Mortality Virus shedding* (%) (viral copy no log 10) (Roohani et al. , J Vet Sci 16: 447 -457, 2015) REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

To minimize economic loss by genotype VII ND 1. Strengthen biosecurity measures to overcome incomplete protection conferred by vaccination 2. Use more immunogenic vaccines to improve the protective immunity (eg, antigen matched vaccine) 3. Apply for appropriate vaccination program to enhance protective effect (eg, vaccination route, age) 4. Control immunosuppressive infectious diseases Especially infectious bursal disease (IBD) REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Acknowledgement • OIE ND Reference Laboratory • Universiti Putra Malaysia Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency - Dr. HJ Lee - Dr. I Jang • Seoul National University College of Veterinary Medicine - Prof. HJ Kwon Institute of Bioscience - Prof. AR Omar Dr. SW Tan • Malaysian Veterinary Research Institute - Dr. RM Rahman REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Thank for your attention REFERENCE LABORATORY FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE