EVOLUTION REVIEW Chapter 15 Image from BIOLOGY by

Change in a kind of organism over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms evolution Differences among individuals within a species Natural variation

Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms Homologous structures Organ with little or no function Vestigial organ

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment fitness Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances for survival adaptation

Preserved remains of an ancient organism fossil Islands that Darwin visited on his voyage on the Beagle that started him thinking about how organisms change over time Galapagos

Concept that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time Descent with Modification Idea that organisms that are best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce Survival of the Fittest

When humans select and breed animals with certain useful traits from the natural variation in the population Artificial selection Process by which unrelated organisms evolve to become more alike because they live in similar environments Convergent evolution

Book published by Charles Darwin in which he proposed a mechanism and provided evidence for his Theory of Evolution “On the Origin of Species” Process by which related organisms evolve to become different because they live in different environments Divergent evolution

The bones in the diagrams below are examples of ________ Homologous structures http: //www. angelfire. com/ab 7/evolution 12/evolutionclues. html

Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to publish his ideas about evolution by writing an essay that described similar ideas. Alfred Wallace French naturalist who hypothesized that organisms acquire traits during their lifetime through use or disuse which can be passed on to offspring Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

2 geologists who recognized that Earth is many millions of years old and that processes that changed it still operate today James Hutton & Charles Lyell English economist who reasoned that if the human population kept growing unchecked, there would be insufficient food and space for everyone Thomas Malthus

Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Traits hypothesis TRAITS ARE DETERMINED BY GENES; ACQUIRED TRAITS ARE NOT PASSED ON Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Traits hypothesis LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME TO BEST FIT THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

Name 3 kinds of evidence that supports Darwin’s THEORY OF EVOLUTION Fossils Geographic distribution Homologous structures Vestigial organs Embryology DNA Pseudogenes Artificial selection Can see natural selection work antibiotic resistance, new diseases

Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of Natural variation ______ The practice of breeding dogs to produce offspring with specific traits is an example of Artificial selection _________

A human’s appendix and a skink’s legs are examples of ________ Vestigial organs How would Lamarck explain these giraffes with longer necks? They grew longer with use Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

How would Darwin explain these giraffes with longer necks? Populations naturally have individuals with different sizes of necks (natural variation) The ones with longer necks are better able to get food, survive, and pass on their longer neck genes. Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing © 2006

Why did Darwin first hesitate to publish his ideas about evolution? His findings challenged the scientific beliefs at the time

A possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific question hypothesis A change in the DNA sequence caused by a mistake in DNA replication or exposure to radiation or chemicals MUTATION

Whales and wolves share a common ancestor, but have evolved to look very different. This is an example of _______ evolution. divergent What do we call genes that have lost their function due to mutations? pseudogenes

Whales and sharks are not closely related, but have evolved to have similar body shapes and fins because they live in similar environments. This is an example of _______ evolution. convergent

Tell one piece of evidence that suggests human chromosome #2 evolved by joining 2 smaller ancestor chromosomes. Banding pattern matches It has telomeres in the middle instead of just at the ends. It has an extra inactive centromere instead of just one.

Whales and wolves share a common ancestor, but have evolved to look very different. This is an example of _______ evolution. divergent What do we call genes that have lost their function due to mutations? pseudogenes

Give an example of homologous structures Human arm, bird wing, whale flipper Give an example of a pseudogene you learned about Vitamin C gene in primates, genes for “smell” in humans

A well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is called a _______ theory Name the ship that Darwin spent 5 years on traveling around the world. H. M. S. Beagle

Name the TWO scientists who said there are forces shaping the Earth that have been happening for millions of years and are still happening today James Hutton & Charles Lyell Who is the scientist that proposed the idea of “Inheritance of Acquired Traits”? Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Who realized that human populations were increasing and said eventually there would not be enough food and space for everyone? Thomas Malthus The idea that organisms could acquire traits through use and pass them on to offspring is called? INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED TRAITS

Who is the scientist that proposed an idea about evolution which prompted Darwin to publish his theory? Alfred Wallace Fur, feathers, beaks, antlers, & claws adaptations are all examples of ______

When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some antelope are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s theory of evolution might be used to describe this situation? Survival of the fittest; Adaptations can be which of these? Physical behavioral geographical Physical or behavioral

Another name for divergent evolution Adaptive radiation is ________ What Darwin called “survival of the fittest” Natural selection _________ Another name for “struggle for competition existance” is ________

Of all the places he visited, the GALAPAGOS Islands _______ influenced Darwin’s ideas about evolution the most. In addition to observing living organisms, Darwin studied the preserved remains of ancient organisms fossils called _________

On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants A. all looked alike B. were completely unrelated C. were acquired through use D. varied from island to island . D. Varied from island to island

Darwin’s concept of evolution was influenced by all of the following EXCEPT _________ A. B. C. D. the work of Charles Lyell and James Hutton his collection of specimens and fossils his knowledge of the structure of DNA his voyage around the world E. Malthus’s ideas about populations and resources C. Darwin didn’t know about DNA!

All of these statements about the structure of human chromosome #2 provide evidence for evolution EXCEPT ____________ A. Its banding pattern matches the pattern seen on two smaller chimp chromosomes B. It has telomeres in the center, as well as at the ends C. It carries a functional gene for making vitamin C D. It has an extra non-functional centromere C. Humans have a nonfunctional vitamin C making gene, and its not on chromosome #2

Give a summary of Darwin’s theory of evolution Natural variation in population provides basis for natural selection to act Overproduction of offspring forces competition for resources (struggle for survival) Organisms best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce; Other organisms die or leave fewer Offspring (survival of the fittest/natural selection) Species alive today have descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past All organisms are united into a single “tree of life” (common descent)

THE END. . . or is it? EVOLUTION IS STILL HAPPENING